Essay Topics For Guns Germs and Steel - Tips For Writing Ideas for an Essay Topic

Essay Topics For Guns Germs and Steel - Tips For Writing Ideas for an Essay TopicIn order to have a good essay topic for guns germs and steel, you should choose a topic that will stimulate your creative brain. You need to keep in mind that you can get no entertainment from an essay topic that will bore you. A good topic is usually one that you want to work on and that you can actually explain in full. Here are some points to consider when you are trying to come up with a good topic for guns germs and steel.With that in mind, there are a couple of questions you need to ask yourself in regard to the exact topic you will be writing about. The first question is, what specific subtopic should I cover? Is it a specific type of gun, a specific gun that has been designed to kill in one shot, or does it even matter? Remember that you will be answering the same questions, which means that your main goal is to help yourself in figuring out what the best subtopic is to focus on.A second question you will want to ask yourself is how is my essay topics for guns germs and steel different from those in class? The idea is to make it look like you know more about guns than your instructor and others, and to hopefully catch the instructor's attention. While this may seem like a good idea at first, it could prove to be a little difficult if you do not know what to talk about and what ideas to avoid.A third question, you will want to ask yourself is what are some good essay topics for guns germs and steel. It is important to keep in mind that an essay can be an excellent way to get through class if you just provide ideas that will prove interesting. In class, you will always be writing and so it will be easier for you to come up with ideas for essays. In addition, if you do not get a good grade on your essays, you are almost assuredly going to have trouble getting into college the next year.A fourth question, you will want to ask yourself is how can you inject your essay topics for guns germs and steel with your own unique ideas? You do not want to be just as much of a researcher as you are a writer. You need to be able to communicate with the reader through your essay topics for guns germs and steel.While it is important to think about the topics for your essay topics for guns germs and steel, you do not need to be perfect when writing. Try to stay away from the thought processes that you know will not work for you and try to find some types of ideas that you will be able to work with. For example, if you know that you will get a bad grade, you will not have to worry about those topics.In order to avoid getting a bad grade on your essay topics for guns germs and steel, you will want to make sure you are not too specific with your ideas. If you can find different ways to express your ideas, you will be able to make your essays more interesting. Remember, you do not have to be perfect when writing an essay topic for guns germs and steel, you just have to make sure that you are interesting.

A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift - 910 Words

Equality then and now Progress is measured by time some people say, but how much time does it take for humans to have equality for everyone around the world? In 1792, Jonathan Swift drafted an essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† to bring awareness of a particular group of people being mistreated and victimized. Fast forward 284 years later, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† bringing more public awareness of another group of people being mistreated and victimized. Today, 52 years later we are still struggling for human rights and equality; as a result, I feel our country is still just as torn now as it was 286 years ago. Jonathan Swifts â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is speaking to the English Government and wealthy land owners, on the poverty stricken Irish families and the inhumanities he had to witness. The English Government at the time did little to nothing for the wondering begging families. The wealthy just passed by them in the streets ignori ng the begging families. Swift makes a proposal in the essay speaking to the government and the wealthy land owners to take care of the beggar’s children, so the children have a chance at equality and making them useful members of the common wealth. â€Å"In the present deplorable state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap, and easy method of making these children sound, useful members of the common wealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set upShow MoreRelatedA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesIn Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, we are exposed to the timeless issue of homelessness and the state’s role in their social welfare. Swift was a fervent Irish patriot who was disgusted by the flourishing trend of beggars and hungry children that flooded the streets of his beloved country. This topic is relatable as this is a social issue that plagues many countries in the present age. Swift presents a satirical argument in which he proposes Ireland adopt the horrific practices of eating theirRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1647 Words   |  7 PagesSatire in â€Å"A Modest Proposal† and Different Articles Jonathan Swift, author of â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† tries to present different ideas in order to change the situation of Ireland. Through his proposal, he is able to get people’s attention, and the way he uses satire throughout the article made his argument more successful. He wrote this essay to show how ignored and bad the state of Ireland and its social classes are. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift effectively uses rhetorical exaggeration to expressRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift982 Words   |  4 Pages Jonathan Swift, author of â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† tries to present different ideas in order to change the situation of Ireland. Through his proposal, he is able to get his point across. He wrote this essay to show how undeveloped and bad the state of Ireland is and the social classes. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift effectively uses insincerity, sarcasm, and rhetorical exaggeration to reveal his annoyance of politicians, papists, and overall citizens of poverty-stricken Ireland in the late seventeenthRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift813 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swift, author of the satirical piece â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† organized an outrageous proposal to the people of Ireland. In this pamphlet, Swift offered his personal views on how to overcome Ireland’s issue of overpopulation and poverty. By raising nationwide attention, Swift plan to shock the readers by emphasizing the idea of cannibalism as a way to deal with Irelandâ€℠¢s problems. Swift’s technique of audience, tone, and pathos help determine the advantages and disadvantages of â€Å"A Model Proposal†Read MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1333 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A modest proposal† by Jonathan Swift is an essay, which was written to elaborate the poverty of people in Ireland. Where poor viewed as having an absence of worth in the public eye, playing no essential part in more noteworthy else s benefit of the people. Swift uses situational irony in this essay which also represented a work of satire. By definition situational irony happens when the final outcome is opposing to what was expected. Basically his proposal was for poor children roaming around theRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift860 Words   |  4 PagesI was informed to read â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift as an assignment for creating annotated bibliographies, I began to develop an interest on how Swift came about the matte r of his request into rebuilding Ireland s economy and way of life. I believed that Swift added cannibalizing children to the subject matter to give his proposal a more profound and eye-opening effect, but my readings further piqued my interests on the topic. As a result, I researched Jonathan Swift’s motives and styleRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1057 Words   |  5 Pages A Modest Proposal â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, written in 1979 by Jonathan Swift, is a fascinating sardonic, overwhelming hyperbole. He explores the miserable fate of poverty-striven Irish whose struggle in vain in an effort to feed their huge emaciated families. In the essay, Swift advocates that the penurious Irish should sell their babies to the rich ladies and gentlemen and obtain monetary power required to ease their economic predicaments. The straight-faced parody that features predominantly in theRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Modest Proposal was written in the year 1729 by the famous satirist Jonathan Swift. In his work he outlines the pros of eating unwanted children of Ireland for economical benefits in a time of great poverty. While the reader can obviously discard the idea of eating children, in his proposal, in a roundabout way, Swift speaks to hard pressing issues of the time. The state of Ireland is well described by Swift in this piece. He speaks of woman who â€Å"instead of being able to work for their honestRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1795 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever thought about eating an infant to ease your economic hardship? You’re not the only one! Jonathan Swift wrote an entire pamphlet about it (satirically, of course). Satire has the ability to point out societal inadequacy and ridicule political policies in a way that is humorous in its absurdity while masking its true intent. In A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift, the author’s use of exaggeration and irony to draw attention to the meaningless lives of the Irish people to English ruleRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1032 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Swift’s satirical pamphlet, A Modest Proposal, as a way to ironically find a way For the CommonWealth of Ireland to benefit from the starving children. He proposes the idea that an un wanted child should be fattened up then feed to landlords or have their meat sold in the market. In turn curing the nation’s problem of overpopulation and contribute to the economic well-being of the nation. Swift’s satire exploits the fundamental human function of eating. The need to eat is a driving human

Characteristics Of Confucius On Good Government - 1030 Words

The historical period Confucius on Good Government was written during the period of the first century B.C until the 20th century B.C. Confucius on good government was a source that centralized on the beliefs and thoughts of Confucius. Confucius argued that only good men possessing moral authority could rule effectively. It was said that human nature is not perfect, but it is capable of being changed by example of sincere virtue. He wanted it to be known to all people that if your desire is for good, the people will be good. Confucius believed that if laws and guidelines were set in place that every person during this time should follow them. If a person didn’t abide by these rules or laws, there would be punishment put in place. In the†¦show more content†¦The source from the past â€Å"Confucius on Good Government† was written by the follower of Confucius. This source was written on September 28, 551 B.C-479 B.C. The author may have written the document to ins ure the thoughts on how a government should be ran, how people of that state should act, and how people should want to learn. â€Å"If people be led by laws, and uniformity be imposed on them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but will have no sense of shame†. Arthur Jacques Gerent’s work reveals Confucianism as a perfectly harmonious society, which is only achieved by a ritual behavior of good man, pursing their education and self-knowledge, having respect for the elders who are in power. Good behavior is the mostly the only thing that Confucius mainly focused on. â€Å"It is also true, in public morality, under the Han the accent was put on the virtue of submission to one elder’s and on respect for the classification of people according to their age†. There was so much hostility toward the merchant people, this cause problems for the Chinese society. This hostility caused so much profound effects in the city state, which gave the C hinese their own character. Gerent states that â€Å"the deepest reasons Lewis 3 reason for this hostilityShow MoreRelatedThe Five Relationships’ that are Illustrated in Confucianism1017 Words   |  5 PagesAnalects, a compilation of Confucius’ teachings, is greatly recognized as a work of utmost importance and influence in the Chinese culture. The book conveys Confucius’ beliefs on a wide variety of topics, including propriety, education, family relations, and government in efforts to enhance social order. Confucius’ social philosophy is greatly directed towards the concept of ren. Ren symbolizes the characteristics of goodness and altruism, and is defined as being â€Å"compassionate†. However, displayingRead MoreTying Together Yin, Yang, Dao, and the Chinese Dream of Golden Age1726 Words   |  7 Pagesopposite of yang; it is wet and cold, slower and regressive in nature. Furthermore, yang objects (males) are seen as positive, heavenly and more important elements then yin objects (females). Objects in nature may at times have both yang and yin characteristics, or can even change from yin to yang and visa versa, depending on the circumstances they are placed in. Dao goes beyond the concepts of yin and yang in that it seeks to understand nature as a whole in harmony and cooperation with all. The beliefRead MoreEssay on Confucius and Plato843 Words   |  4 Pages Confucius and Plato nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Confucius and Plato are two of the most respected and most widely studied teachers of history. There philosophies of how people should be governed and what characteristics make for a good leader. Both men’s ideas are good for the civilizations that they lived in, and they shared many similarities in their ideas. My own ideas of an ideal leader are a mixture of these two men’s ideas. The personal experiences of both men also play a key role in howRead MoreSocrates And Confucius. Numerous Thoughts And Behaviors949 Words   |  4 PagesSocrates and Confucius Numerous thoughts and behaviors of people are influenced noticeably or invisibly by our society and culture. Compare Westerners with Easterners, plenty of ideas they share are in common. Whereas, the special identities which come from their own culture changed them differently. Along with the development of human culture, great ancient thinkers and philosophers contributed their life to influence people’s beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors from generation toRead MoreComparing The Attitude Towards Human Nature On Confucianism And Legalism1589 Words   |  7 PagesCompare the attitude towards human nature in Confucianism and Legalism (e.g. Han Feizi). What are the implications of these attitudes for other aspects of their philosophy, such as education and government? The Juxtaposition of Confucianism and Legalism Amidst the chaos and political turmoil characteristic of the Warring States period in Chinese history, Confucianism and Legalism arose as two prominent and competing schools of thought. These two ideologies differed in their sociopolitical viewpointRead MoreConfucianism Of Han Chin Synthesis And Syncretion1581 Words   |  7 Pagescaused by the political elites showing little to no interest in maintaining the Confucian form of government. This paper will analyze the synthesis and syncretism of Confucianism into the Han Dynasty. Introduction It was during the former Han Dynasty period that Confucianism developed from being the teachings of a few scholars at the end of the Chou period, to becoming the philosophy of the government. This had set Confucianism to become the dominating feature of Chinese culture and to affect a largeRead More Confucian Philosophy and Corporate Responsibility1630 Words   |  7 Pagestraditions are heavily concerned with responsibility and societal harmony while others are far more preoccupied with free choice and individual rights. Looking to Confucianism, the philosophy of Confucius (or King fu-tzu), one can see a philosophy that places a great deal of emphasis on human responsibility. Confucius is, in fact, the most influential thinker in human history if influence were to be measured by the number of people who have lived in accordance with a philosopher’s vision. (Ames, 28) TurningRead MoreLi in Confucianism Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesLi in Confucianism Analects is a book of collected sayings of Confucius (Kong Zi, 551-479 B.C.). It is one of the most important texts of Confucianism. This classical text has been translated by a lot of Western people, and remains a hot topic in Chinese Studies (or Sinology). Herbert Fingarettes book Confucius -- the Secular as Sacred focuses on Li, one of the core concepts about human nature, comportment and relationships in Confucianism. As a professional philosopher, the author isRead MoreThe Roman And Chinese Empires1176 Words   |  5 Pagesboth complex, independent empires with unique characteristics. Although each empire is independent, there are variables that allow them to be similar to one another within their strengths and weaknesses. The Chinese empires were established in around 221 B.C.E., and the Roman Republic was first administered in around 500 B.C.E. Both the Roman and Chinese empires underwent a series of various transitions to obtain their current status in terms of governme nt systems, legal ideas, and in-depth philosophiesRead MoreComparison between Classical Athens and Han China1005 Words   |  5 Pagesthe population in both societies, Han China and Classical Athens had disparities proportionate to their physical sizes. The geographical isolation from each other resulted in the differences in demographics, characteristics of government structures, individual duties and roles in government, and the general view of life. The east to west length of the Han Empire dwarfs the city-state of Athens. The maps of Classical Greece and Han China display the basic geography of each area. The surrounding

The different methods of company evaluation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2441 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Level High school Tags: Investment Essay Did you like this example?   Critically review the different methods of company evaluation Valuation tools including Share Value Analysis (SVA) and the value drivers of SVA and how they are seen to drive the value of a company. In order to critically review the different types of methods of company evaluation, one must understand the meaning of company evaluation and to understand what valuation tools are available to use for example Share Value Analysis (SVA), the drivers of Share Value Analysis and how they are seen to drive the company. In order to investigate information which is needed for evaluating companies there are certain factors which need to be considered, factors which affect the value of the company and the sources of information which are needed. There are specific analysis which must be performed before a company evaluation can be determined, these are business strategy analysis, accounting analysis, financial analysis and a prospective analysis. A business strategy anal ysis is the ability to evaluate the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s present financial position and the likely performance in the future. There is the need to identify the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position in relation to its competitors, investigate the key successes and any potential risks that will affect the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business performance and to be able to identify how well the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s successes and risks are being managed. An accounting analysis is the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accounting methods which can ultimately expose or obscure the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business strategy and economics. In order for the company to do this is must judge how effectively the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statements can reflect the business, and the ability to learn how to adjust any financial statements as needed. A financial analysis is the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy, and to be able to make sound financial forecasts by examining all the cash flow measures and ratios of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operating, financing and investment performance. The prospective analysis is the knowledge of how the company is performing and how it will perform in future markets which is the key to business decisions. A company evaluation is the process and procedures used to approximation the economic value of the company. A valuation of the company is used to determine the price by which they are willing to either pay or to receive to complete the sale of a business. Documents which are usually required to determine the company evaluation are the accounting documents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" income statements, balance sheets, cash flows and annual reports etc. Depending on what kind of requirements are needed, there are several methods which can be used, discounted cash flow, net assets, peer comparison and the estimated liquidation value. The company valuation process starts with a tho rough definition of the company in questions activity, i.e. where sales have been achieved, the different criteria a competitor/ potential buyer will take into consideration during the valuation process. There are, of course, several factors which come to the forefront when looking at the accuracy of these figures and of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s past activity. These questions include are the figures are realisable to give the company a true evaluation. There has been a move away from accounting practices as company evaluations become more independent. There is a difference between the accounting approach and the marketing approach in that the accounting approach of company evaluation in that it is past orientated and the value is high earnings related. There are other factors which need to be considered aside from the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s earnings related monetary value. There is also the need to take into account several factors such as insufficient profit indicat ors, research and development expenditures, goodwill that the company has acquired. There is also the legitimisation of the accounting statements in regards to what is actually to the stakeholders, management and investors, that there may be different versions depending on the stake that it held in the company. There are several methods of company evaluation available, due to different accounting systems applying different categories. One of the most popular methods of evaluation is discounted cash flow, which according to discounted cash flow the value is the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total earnings in cash that a company realises in its business activity during the long term operation. The company value is then the discounted value of the expected future cash flow. There are disadvantages of this system it can only be successfully applied when the company is operating in a stable economic environment and if it is in the adulthood of its life cycle as in the introduction phase it has no real forecasting basis. As in the first year of operation, most companies make losses rather than gains. In a stable environment, cash flow can be forecasted almost exactly. If however the company is situated within a dynamic environment it is impossible to use this method of discounted cash flow as it is near impossible to determine any potential revenue or cash flow. Valuation with multiplication indicators is based on the comparison of company indicators. Price/ Earnings (P/E), Price/ Sales (P/S), P/EBIT, P/EBITDA are the most widely used indicators. These indicators are easy to get access to if the company is listed on the Stock Exchange, but if the company is not listed, average indicators of listed companies from the same sectors are taken into account. Again there are disadvantages to this system, this method can be applied on a developed capital market where the average indicators of a lot of companies have been identified for some time and can be used as multip liers. The multiplication evaluation cannot be used if the company starts its operation on a completely new business model and if there are no other companies with a similar profit structure on the market. Economic Value Added (EVA) is the net operating profit less adjusted taxes. The main advantage of Economic Value Added is it takes into relation the opportunity of the costs of capital. This method is when a certain amount of capital is invested with a particular aim to the investment, the returns are lost which could have been realised and they could have been invested in something else. The conditions of profitability are not meet by the revenues which exceed the expenditures. The most important factor in this method is the cost of the invested capital has to meet the return objectives and these are not taken into account. The Economic Value Added method has become one of the main methods in monitoring the birth of Shareholder value. The Economic Value Added is the measure of the value a company has created for itself over a period of time and is very closely linked with Discounted Cash Flows. The disadvantages to this method, like discounted cash flows, is in the accounting. Share/ Shareholder Value Analysis (SVA) is the full revenue to shareholders in both dividends and share price growth, calculated as the present value of future cash flows of the business, discounted at the cost of capital of the business less the market value of its debt. Shareholder value theory is setting an objective which can be achieved through the interests of other stakeholders, there is the need to ensure the long term satisfaction of creditors, suppliers, consumers and employees. In the centralisation of this theory lies the interests collectively of all stakeholders. There is only one condition that the stakeholders are satisfied and with this the main goal of the company is to reach the stakeholders goals. Company value can be increased only if the interests of the s hareholders and stakeholders are taken into account. The new standard in company evaluation is Shareholder Value Analysis (SVA) due to the increasing realisation of the defects of conventional accounting. Accounting practices give confidence to a short term view of the business and company evaluation. It also encourages under investment and accounting practice only seems to concentrate on tangible assets. Shareholder Value Analysis can avoid this bias performed by the accounting practice but to achieve the Shareholder Value Analysis potential there needs to be some sort of marketing in order for it to make a viable contribution to the company strategy. The principle behind Shareholder Value Analysis is that the company/ business should be run in such a way that it maximises the return on the shareholders investments. It is a tool used for calculating the Shareholder Value Analysis from any given investment, profit and growth projections which have been made. As Shareholder Val ue Analysis does not tell managers how to work out strategies, and that is why a marketing strategy is needed. The main purpose behind Shareholder Value Analysis is that the economic value is created only when the company earns a return on investment which exceeds the cost of capital. Without any kind of unique advantage , the competition will end up driving the cost of capital down, so creating a Shareholder Value Analysis is about building a sustainable competitive advantage. . Whereas marketing provides the tools and encourages Shareholder Value Analysis to be growth orientated and dynamic rather than how it would not exist without a marketing strategy except as a static tool which focuses on ways to reduce costs and assets. Within the marketing strategy, Shareholder Evaluation only provides answers for evaluating company options and decision making options. Shareholder Value Analysis is used to calculate the total value of a strategy by discounting cash flows. With discountin g it reflects that there is a time value on money and because money can earn interest then the same amount received last year is worth more in the future. It is self interest which increasingly puts pressure on the company to maximise their shareholder value. There are financial value drivers associated with Shareholder Value Analysis and the marketing process is seen to influence these. Firstly, the anticipated level of operating cash flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the greater future free cash flow anticipated the greater the return for the shareholders. Second, the anticipated timing of cash flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" cash received today has more worth than cash received tomorrow so the cash flow is penetrated into the market earlier to positively generate more value. Thirdly, the anticipated sustainability of the cash flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the more lasting the cash flow, the greater the value which is created. And finally, the anticipated riskiness of future cash flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Å" the greater the perceived volatility and vulnerability of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cash flow, the higher the cost of capital is to be used to discount the return for the shareholders. When it has been justified that a company value has been determined, there are several factors which should be taken into account besides the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenue creating ability. Apart from current company investments for creating values, there are factors such as expected potential investments, cash flow and other opportunities for growth. A companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s valuation can also be due to its possession of assets which can sooner or later produce free cash flow but also so that in the future it will be able to obtain them. There are various differences between market value and book value. To obtain assets recorded in the balance sheet may cost more than their book value. Assets should be sold independently and should not be shown in the accounting statements as t hey represent value for the company i.e. its own name or brand e.g. Coca Cola etc. The synergy effects of resource combinations adds value to the company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the employees etc and they are not a separate entity in the balance sheet or accounting statements. The company should be able to make use of the creative value of the functional areas e.g. trademarks, brand names, patents and business secrets. There are also the market forces to consider i.e. the size of the market, market share, market growth etc. Other factors which need to be considered are life cycle, driving forces, core competences, restrictions on entering the market etc. The features of the country the company is in is another big factor and a company should perform a PEST(LE) to assess the political stability, regional position, technological development within the country, economic situation of the country, and cultural development among others. There human resource organisation is also of importanc e to the company evaluation e.g. cultural motivation, intellectual capital, creativity of the company, business relationships, goodwill etc. The workforce and organisation is full of contradictions in that there are labour related costs but also this labour can influence performance. Employees are knowledge and help with the running of the business through this knowledge and abilities in return for motivation, financial security from the company. With motivation and satisfaction comes loyalty and commitment from the employee. Loyalty creates value, this includes loyalty from the employee, customers and partners as well as the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investors which can equal higher productivity, cost advantage and profit and growth. Business relationships are also important in creating value. Social and economic dimensions play a part in this. The evaluation of these business relationships depends on if the relationship is described as important or less important, and in ce rtain business sectors there is an emphasis on personal relationships because of competition in personal relationships as well. Performance evaluation is also an important factor as this provides important information for the company evaluation. The analysis framework for the performance evaluation is, orientation which is controlling, reporting and feedback, the second is balance which is the content and information available, and thirdly, consistency which is the strategic links as well as the harmony between application and importance. Performance measurements should provide the company with information supporting the decision making process and to ensure feedback. It is also important to understand what kind of information the company collects and on what. The source of the information and its character are important factors. In order to critically review the different methods of company evaluation, a number of issues needed to be investigated. What is company evaluation a nd how is it perceived. Another question which was examined is the valuation tools involved in a company evaluation. These included a number of factors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" discounted cash flows, Economic Value Added (EVA) and valuation with multiplication indicators. From this came Share/ Shareholder Value Analysis (SVA), their drivers and how they are seen to drive the value of a company. These are all very important factors when evaluating a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worth and to how that evaluation is perceived through a number of factors produced both by internal and external factors. Bibliography Doyle, P., (2000) Value-Based Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Corporate growth and Shareholder Value, Wiley, New York Thierauf, R.J., (1980) Management Auditing: A Questioning Approach, AMACOM, New York 1 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The different methods of company evaluation" essay for you Create order

Glucocorticoids Drug Metabolism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3366 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Drugs Essay Did you like this example? The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Regulation of Drug Metabolism Introduction Glucocorticoids are extremely important in our life due to their pivotal roles in maintaining homeostasis and coping with stress. Tremendous attention has focused on glucocorticoids because of their wide usage in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their implications to the pathogenesis of many wide-spread disorders, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, etc. Many pathophysilogical effects of glucocorticoids are contributed by their transcriptional regulation of approximately 10% of our genes (Buckingham, 2006) and these effects are predominantly dependent on the interaction between glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Glucocorticoids Drug Metabolism" essay for you Create order Although a variety of physiological functions, such as immune response, metabolism, growth, etc, could be closely related to the GR-mediated gene regulation, this review will mainly focus on the GR-mediated enzyme regulation and its crucial role on drug metabolism in human. It has been appreciated that nuclear receptors play important role in xenobiotic response by regulating expression and/or activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, thereby modifying the targeted concentrations of the drug and altering the therapeutic drug response. With the development of molecular biology, structure biology, genetics and metabolism studies, tremendous effort has been made to understand the fundamental functions of nuclear receptor superfamily, which makes up a complex regulatory network with extensive cross communication in regulating the xenobiotic response between them. GR becomes my focus not only because of the essential physiological process aforementioned but the key role it plays in drug metabolism. Exploring and understanding the fundamental mechanisms underpinning the actions of GR is critical and is of great help to explain the drug response and some pathophysilogical effects of glucocorticoids as well. GR: structure Glucocorticoid receptor belongs to subfamily 3C of nuclear receptor superfamily and is the first cloned human steroid receptor (Hollenberg et al., 1985). Two protein isoforms of GR, termed hGR alpha (777 amino acids) and hGR beta (742 amino acids) are distinguished by the last 15 amino acids at the C-terminal end and differed binding properties with glucocorticoids. hGR alpha is transcriptionally active while hGR beta is unable to bind glucocorticoids or induce gene transcription. Some studies suggest that it may act as a negative regulator of glucocorticoid action and contribute the tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids (Bamberger et al., 1995). Three major functional domains: N-terminal domain (NTD), DNA binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD) are well studied for the GR. Within N-terminal domain, a major activational function domain1 (AF1) is required to enhance maximal transcriptional activity. The DBD contains the most conserved amino acid sequence and comprises two cysteine-rich zinc fingers, which are essential for GR dimerisation and site-specificity of DNA binding. The C-terminal located LBD is responsible for recognition and ligand binding. It also contains the other activational function domain2 (AF2) and this AF2 is also important in regulating the transcriptional activity of GR. In addition to the three major domains, a D-domain or hinge region links DBD and LBD is considered playing a role in GR nuclear translocation (Kumar and Thompson, 2005; Buckingham, 2006). Recent progresses in crystallographic studies solve the crystal structure of the DBD and LBD of the GR, which reveal more insights into the structure: function relationship of GR and help to better understand the importance of molecular organization in the transcriptional activity as well (Lu et al., 2006). GR: activation and gene regulation A chain of impressive reactions occur during the activation of GR and resulting gene regulation. As a ligand-activated transcription factor, the cytoplasm located inactive GR is bound to heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and other proteins which prevent the nuclear localization of this unoccupied GR. After binding to specific ligand, such as glucocortcoids, the GR is activated and dissociate the oligomeric protein complex, undergoing nuclear translocation, dimerizing via the essential DBD, binding with glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in the promoter region, recruiting and interacting with other regulatory proteins to induce or repress the expression of targeted genes (Hayashi et al., 2004; Buckingham, 2006). In addition to the direct regulate gene transcription by activated GR binding with GREs, some recent research suggest the indirect regulatory role of GR via protein-protein interactions (Buckingham, 2006). In this manner, GR could interact with other transcription factors, such as NF-B and AP-1, to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Most notably in drug metabolism, an extensive cross-talk between GR and other nuclear receptors exists, such as pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and retinoic X receptor (RXR) and it further complicates the GR-mediated gene regulation and drug response (Pascussi et al., 1999; Pascussi et al., 2000b; Pascussi et al., 2004; Dvorak et al., 2005). Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 is the most important and abundant cytochrome p450 in human liver. It has the largest range of substrates and plays a pivotal role in steroid catabolism and xenobiotic metabolism. The fundamental mechanism underlying the transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 is complex and involves many nuclear receptors, such as PXR, GR, vitamin D receptor and CAR. In fact, several observations indicate the important role of GR in the inducible gene expression of CYP3A4. First of all, glucocortcoids are the classic inducers of CYP3A4 in mammals; secondly, RU486, an antagonist of GR, block the dexamethasone-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells cotransfected with GR and CYP3A4 promoter (Ogg et al., 1999). Although CYP3A4 is highly inducible by glucocortcoids, theres few evidence for the direct interaction of GR with the CYP3A4 promoter since no consensus glucocorticoid receptor response element (GRE) existed in CYP3A genes. Several possible hypotheses account for the role of GR in the transcription regulation of CYP3A4 have been projected (El-Sankary et al., 2002). Either a nonconsensus GRE present in the CYP3A4 promoter region could be used to explain the direct interaction of GR with the CYP3A4 promoter or as previously mentioned via an indirect manner, GR could interact with other transcription factors thereby interacting with the CYP3A4 promoter to induce CYP3A4. Opposed to these hypotheses, study from a GR-knockout mice model shows that GR is not essential for the glucocortcoids-mediated induction of CYP3A (Schuetz et al., 2000). Although someone may argue that such knock-out animal study may cause some other compensating pathway; further extrapolating result from rodents is not scientifically reasonable. Hence the regulation role of GR in CYP3A4 expression is still debatable. On the other hand, since PXR has been demonstrated as a major steroid hormone nuclear receptor in regulation the CYP3A4 gene expression (Lehmann et al., 1998), an indirect evidence for the latter hypothesis could be supported by the interactive regulatory cross communication between GR and other nuclear receptors, especially PXR, CAR and RXR (Pascussi et al., 2000a; Pascussi et al., 2000b; Gerbal-Chaloin et al., 2002). It is highly possible that GR indirectly contributes to the inducible gene regulation of CYP3A4 by interacting and controlling the expression of PXR, CAR and RXR. Indeed, in studies using human hepatocytes, dexamethasone has shown to enhance the PXR, CAR and RXR expression, leading to enhanced PXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression (Pascussi et al., 2000a; Pascussi et al., 2000b). Unfortunately, no convincing evidence has been provided in relation to the direct implication of GR in CYP3A4 gene induction. Furthermore, more complicated phenomenon has been observed recently using placental trophoblast cell line (Pavek et al., 2007). In this study, GR-mediated CYP3A4 induction indicates hepatocyte-specific regulation pattern and some other hepatocyte-specific transcription factors are required for the GR-CYP3A4 gene regulation process. It is of my point that since most of the studies have been done in vitro using human hepatocytes, in vivo situation could be far more complex especially in human body. Clearer picture depicting the role of GR in CYP3A4 gene expression is intriguing and it will be extreme important in understanding the regulation mechanism of this crucial enzyme, which ultimately leads to better predictions of clinical important drug-drug interactions. Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 2C9 2C19 In contrast to CYP3A4, CYP2C9 is secondly most abundant drug-metabolizing enzymes in human liver and accounts for the metabolism of a wide range of clinically important therapeutic agents, such as phenytoin, S-warfarin and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although a great amount of knowledge has been known about this enzyme including genetic polymorphism, pharmacology, etc, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that CYP2C9 is inducible by dexamethasone (DEX) in primary human hepatocytes and the role of GR related to this inducible CYP2C9 gene expression has been carefully investigated by Sabine and his coworkers (Gerbal-Chaloin et al., 2002). In addition to the transcriptional regulation by hCAR and PXR, deletional analysis of CYP2C9 regulatory region in the presence or absence of cotransfected GR and directed mutagenesis studies have been carried out to characterize the location of the functional GRE in CYP2C9 regulatory region; Further gel shift assays prove the direct interaction between hGR with CYP2C9-GRE. These observations provide a convincing evidence for direct implication of GR in the inducible CYP2C9 expression and shed light for further understanding this crucial enzyme gene regulation. In stead of using human primary hepatocytes, some research group investigated the role of GR in the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 in placental cell line. Interestingly, unlike the hepatocytes, due to lack of hepatocyte-specific transcriptional factors, such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (HNF4a), CYP2C9 is not inducible in this special placental cell line (Pavek et al., 2007). Similar observation seen in the aforementio ned CYP3A4, which might indicates the tissue-specificity regulatory role of GR-CYP gene regulation. CYP2C19 is also abundantly expressed in the liver and several clinically important agents undergo CYP2C19-mediated oxidative metabolism including omeprazole, diazepam, etc. A high interindividual variability related to CYP2C19 expression has been observed, which may partially contributed by the nuclear receptor-regulated CYP2C19 gene expression. By examining the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C19, the functional GR and CAR response element have been identified in the CYP2C19 promoter and mutation of GRE abolishes DEX-induced CYP2C19 expression in human hepatocytes (Chen et al., 2003). This provides clear evidence showing the importance of GR in regulating CYP2C19 expression. Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 2B6 The role of GR in the xenobiotic-induced expression of CYP2B in rodents has been shown as evidenced by several groups. For example, GREs have been located in mouse CYP2B10 and rat CYP2B2 (Jaiswal et al., 1990; Stoltz et al., 1998) and GR has been shown as a requirement for maximal induction of these 2 genes in rodents (Shaw et al., 1993; Honkakoski and Negishi, 1998). This arise the question of the role of GR in the regulation of human CYP2B6 expression.CYP2B6 is a member of Cytochrome P450 group and has been considered as playing minor role in drug metabolism. But recent studies suggest the importance of CYP2B6 by taking into account of the fact that CYP2B6 actually involve in metabolizing about 25% of all the pharmaceutical agents. Notably, CYP2B6 is also inducible and hepatic expression is highly variable between individuals (Xie and Evans, 2001). Due to increased attention and urgence in understanding the molecular determinants of CYP2B6 regulation, the role of GR in the CYP2B6 regulation has been evaluated by several research groups. For example, by a study using primary human hepatocytes cotransfected of hGR and hPXR or hCAR with CYP2B6 reporter constructs (Wang et al., 2003), GR seems to function synergistically with hPXR and hCAR to regulate the xenobiotic-induced CYP2B6 expression while GR alone dose not exert this effect in human hepatocytes. As previously mentioned about the role of GR in gene regulation, it again suggest that activated GR could act as a coactivator to enhance the hPXR and hCAR-mediated CYP2B6 expression. Role of GR: phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes Glucuronidation, sulfation, and glutathione conjugation are the three most important conjugation reactions in phase II drug metabolism. In addition to the essentiality of GR in phase I drug metabolizing enzymes that I summarized above, GR seems also play role in regulating these three phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. In a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 reporter gene study by Toru and his coworkers (Usui et al., 2006), a dose-dependent induction of UGT1A1 by DEX has been observed and co-expression of hGR in the transfected HepG2 cell line enhance the induction by 7-fold; Further treatment with GR antagonist RU486 inhibit the DEX-mediated UGT1A1 induction. The data suggest the important role of GR on the effective induction of UGT1A1 in cultured human hepatocytes. In terms of human sulfotransferase (SULTs), unlike the rat SULT1A1gene that GR mediates the transactivation of this gene expression (Fang et al., 2003); the expression of human SULT1A1 is not affected by glucocorticoids treatment in primary human hepatocytes (Duanmu et al., 2002). On the other hand, human SULT1A3 gene is induced by glucocorticoids through a GR-mediated transactivation in human HepG2 cells and the GRE is identified for the SULT1A3 (Bian et al., 2007). However, human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) gene expression is induced by glucocorticoids through a more complex nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism, with some involvement of GR while PXR is considered as playing a major role in SULT1A3 gene regulation (Duanmu et al., 2002). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) mediated detoxification of electrophilic chemicals is pivotal in preventing toxicity in human body. Unlike the rodent models, little is known about the role of GR in the GST gene regulation. Interestingly, some research conducted to evaluate the role of GR on GSTA2 expression (Falkner et al., 2001). In transfected HepG2 cells, activated GR repress the expression of GSTA2 with low concentration of DEX; while with high concentration of DEX, GSTA2 is inducible via a PXR-dependent mechanism. However, extrapolation of these results to human is not reliable and requires future studies. Conclusion In this review, some clinical important phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes are examined related to the role of GR in the gene transcriptional regulation in human. Notably, these enzymes play pivotal role in xenobiotic metabolism and nuclear receptor-mediated xenobiotic regulation to a large extent rely on the transcriptional regulation of these enzymes expression. Molecular mechanism underlying the gene regulation has been elusive as the role of nuclear receptors being characterized. GR, as the first cloned human steroid receptor, seems play a controversy role in terms of its relative contribution and regulation mechanisms in different phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Although this article mainly focus on research data in human, examinations of the species difference and in vitro- in vivo correlation are crucial given that significant amount of available information deal with rodent models. Carefully investigating these results could help us better understand the complicated role of GR in drug metabolism and guide the clinical intervention. Reference Bamberger CM, Bamberger AM, de Castro M and Chrousos GP (1995) Glucocorticoid receptor beta, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans. J Clin Invest 95:2435-2441. Bian HS, Ngo SY, Tan W, Wong CH, Boelsterli UA and Tan TM (2007) Induction of human sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3) by glucocorticoids. Life Sci 81:1659-1667. Buckingham JC (2006) Glucocorticoids: exemplars of multi-tasking. Br J Pharmacol 147 Suppl 1:S258-268. Chen Y, Ferguson SS, Negishi M and Goldstein JA (2003) Identification of constitutive androstane receptor and glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in the CYP2C19 promoter. Mol Pharmacol 64:316-324. Duanmu Z, Locke D, Smigelski J, Wu W, Dahn MS, Falany CN, Kocarek TA and Runge-Morris M (2002) Effects of dexamethasone on aryl (SULT1A1)- and hydroxysteroid (SULT2A1)-sulfotransferase gene expression in primary cultured human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 30:997-1004. Dvorak Z, Ulrichova J and Modriansky M (2005) Role of microtubules network in CYP genes expression. Curr Drug Metab 6:545-552. El-Sankary W, Bombail V, Gibson GG and Plant N (2002) Glucocorticoid-mediated induction of CYP3A4 is decreased by disruption of a protein: DNA interaction distinct from the pregnane X receptor response element. Drug Metab Dispos 30:1029-1034. 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Honkakoski P and Negishi M (1998) Protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors suppress phenobarbital-induced Cyp2b10 gene transcription in mouse primary hepatocytes. Biochem J 330 ( Pt 2):889-895. Jaiswal AK, Haaparanta T, Luc PV, Schembri J and Adesnik M (1990) Glucocorticoid regulation of a phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 gene: the presence of a functional glucocorticoid response element in the 5-flanking region of the CYP2B2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 18:4237-4242. Kumar R and Thompson EB (2005) Gene regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor: structure:function relationship. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 94:383-394. Lehmann JM, McKee DD, Watson MA, Willson TM, Moore JT and Kliewer SA (1998) The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Invest 102:1016-1023. 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Sexism And Its Implications On Gender Roles - 1900 Words

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Gender Specific Slavery During The Period Of The Civil War

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Essay on Health Care Accessibility for the Homeless

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Dealing with the facets of humanity over the past ten years who have no health care coverage, or those who are aided by the state in which they live has led me to form a definite opinion’s about the necessity for a national health care plan. My thought process aboutRead MoreStrategies And Activities1279 Words   |  6 Pagesutilized will include health education, regulatory activities, and environmental change. Activities to facilitate the process will include resume building/writing workshops, skill building courses, mock interview trials, and a homeless transportation service. These activities are aimed at empowering homeless individuals with the necessary resources needed to overcome current barriers they face in employment attainment. The new PHC services that will be provided to homeless individuals whom want toRead MoreHealth Care Research Paper910 Words   |  4 Pages1. 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Rural co mmunities must find mechanisms within healthcare to bring further assistanceRead MoreLot For Health Care And Rehabilitation Essay955 Words   |  4 Pageslot for health care and rehabilitation. Erb and Harris-White 2002 had study in Tamil Nadu, India, in this study found that the average costs of disability were over 9% and amounted to two to three time’s productivity losses from poor nutrition. PWD has lack access to health and education, clean water and sanitation, have poor housing and may live in overcrowded, unsanitary and unsafe areas. In Rawanda, on average people have to walk 750 meter to get water and this is impossible for who has mobilityRead MoreContraception Is An Entity That Many People Take For Granted1228 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipating in illegal abortions. Although faced with many of the same issues, today women are fortunate enough to have access to several forms of contraceptives. The availability of contraceptives help women to be able to have less children, less health problems, be able to obtain a higher education, and focus on building careers. There is still a population of women out there who have trouble obtaining access to contraceptives, but we have come a long way in women’s rights and healthcare throughoutRead MoreWindshield Survey1376 Words   |  6 Pagessmall factory. During the day time hours one may see a homeless person riding a bike around the community with their back pack and supplies hanging off the bike. On the streets, men and women both are walking and socializing, it does seem men will congrate along the streets. These men are dressed in normal, everyday clothes and are often smoking cigarettes. Children are seen playing in the daytime but upon dark the streets are empty. | c. Health resources | There is a local hospital within the communityRead MoreEpidemiology of Homeless1613 Words   |  7 PagesEpidemiology of Homeless/Indigent People with Mental Illness Vulnerable populations are defined in many ways. Variables of the definition are dependent on the author, their current location and how they believe that they may assist this population. Vulnerability as defined in a healthcare setting are those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized sociocultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or personal characteristics such

Being a Successful Student free essay sample

The process of being a successful hybrid student. In order to explain the process of a successful hybrid student, the student must first define success. In defining success the student needs to determine what their goals are for the hybrid class. Success carries a different meaning depending on who it concerns. One students success could be receiving an A in the course, while another students meaning of success could be receiving Just enough to pass the course. After defining what success means to the student, the student should then establish a good time management plan.This is where the student takes time to analyze their schedule to prioritize other responsibilities as well as establish an effective balance between them all. Time management is extremely important in being a successful hybrid student, since most of the work and assignment is done outside of the traditional classroom environment. Once the student has defined what success means to them, determined their goals for the class, and established a good time management plan, the student then needs to have the discipline to follow through. We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Successful Student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discipline Is the key to the overall outcome of he students success. Without discipline, a student can have many goals and plans of achieving those goals, but may loose focus along the way. The success of a hybrid student all defendants on the Individual student. What success means to the student Is the primary factor in the process. A good balance In time management will help the hybrid student to complete assignments on time. The last and most important step In being a successful hybrid student Is discipline. Discipline will keep you focus on your goals and plans for success, not only In the hybrid class but also In life.

Elektra Product Inc free essay sample

Elektra product decides to create a new product by pointing Barbara as their manufacturing head to responsible on it. Barbara accepts it as a compliment and starts to work with her team to make a great product. Barbara Russell, Elektras Vice President of Manufacturing, has been tasked by Martin Griffin, Elektras new President, to head one of the teams that will devise a plan to change Elektras management style from a traditional top-down firm to a de-centralized organization that emphasizes employee empowerment in the management process. She and her team did a good preparation until the day of presentation. Martin, who is her boss, interested with the ideas but he didn’t attend the meeting. Now, Barbara facing the problem to defending her ideas in front of other department head who are not agree with her ideas with many reason based on company data.. Solution Several objectives can come out as a solution for this problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Elektra Product Inc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the option is the company can restructured the department head or team leader to a new person who can give a hope to their subordinate by giving his/her hard work and ideas. Sometimes an old employee only has a narrow opinion by not accepting a new idea to improve the work flow inside the company. Another option is before Barbara come with the new ideas, the other department head should provide her historical data and information in order to make a decent product. And during creating the products, Barbara should involve the department head when she formulating the ideas before implementing to the new products. Question 1: How might top management have done a better job changing Elektra Products into a new kind of organization? What might they do now to get the empowerment process back on track? Note: Question 1 asks two questions; both must be answered in the response to Question 1. Response: Answer 1 Top management could have included the mid and lower level managers, and employees in the study teams. The study teams should have received instruction on the concept behind empowerment, and how the objective was to have employees at all levels taking responsibility for decision making, at that level, and accepting responsibility for the results. Answer 2 To get the program back on track, Mr. Griffin needs. 1. What theories about motivation underlie the switch from salary to commission pay? Solution: The theory of motivation to stimulate sales performance assumes money is a primary motivator. This form of motivation is based on content theories of motivation. With increased sales commissions, money can satisfy psychological needs, social needs, and self-esteem. Also, the expectancy and equity process theories of motivation can be applied to this situation. According to Expectancy theory, the employee is attracted to the reward being offered and believes he or she can put forth the effort necessary to achieve a level of performance that will lead to that reward (Daft Marcic, 2010). Commission pay is an extrinsic reward that will often increase performance by sales people. Equity theory relates to sales people being compensated for their level of effort, compared to other sales people and the compensation they receive for their level of work (Daft Marcic, 2010).

Garth Brooks - Fresh Horses free essay sample

I recently acquired a Garth Brooks box set and can honestly say it has some of the best music I have ever heard. Already an avid fan, I was not surprised by the superfluous amount of magnificent music, but one album in particular grabbed my attention: Fresh Horses. I have listened to it once a day for the past two months. It seems every time I listen, I find something new, inspiring and brilliant. Fresh Horses contains some of the most creative songwriting in recent country music, and Brooks co-wrote most of the songs. He manages to capture the meaning of each in his voice. One can hear the emotion in his tone, and he has a wide-range of vocal ability. Brooks sings effortlessly through the fast, old-fashioned songs like The Old Stuff and Rollin, then proves that he is one of the best classic country singers. Brooks also ventures into slower, more vocally demanding song like The Change. We will write a custom essay sample on Garth Brooks Fresh Horses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is sung flawlessly and has a deep and meaningful message about continuing to do what is just and right in this world. But most important, the song is about making a change in yourself before trying to change the world. As one can tell, this song deals with intense emotion that Brooks portrays perfectly. This album is completely original, combining amazing producing with genius songwriting and flawless singing. Although I was already a Garth Brooks fan before I heard it, I was still surprised at his amazing talent. This album may be older, but it stands the test of time and continues to influence country artists today. If you are looking for an all-time great country album, Fresh Horses is it.