Essay on Where Are Womens Rights - 1616 Words

Where are Women Rights? Did not God create everyone equal and gave them his or her rights? Did God ever say that people should treat every human differently based on his or her gender? Who does not know about gender discrimination? Gender Discrimination, which is also called sex discrimination, was gone in the twentieth century right! This is not true. Gender discrimination still exists today around the world in many countries including the United States. Women are being discriminated directly or indirectly. Many women also face the violence related to discrimination. They are being tortured at every minute. Even though Some Countries have ruled gender discrimination illegal, it still exists in many countries where women and girls are†¦show more content†¦What was her fault? She only wanted to get an education, so she could choose her career. Even though it is not happening in United States, Discrimination in education in other countries is at higher levels. In United States, there is other type of discrimination happening against women in workplaces. It does not happen in the United States alone, but also happens around the world. In addition to discrimination in education, women face discrimination in jobs around the world including the United States. Women are not paid same as men in America. Women working in the same fields as men will not get the same amount of money as men. Research illustrates that there is twenty percent gap between men and women’s income in the United Sates, where there is eighteen percent gap between them worldwide. Some women are not hired in companies. Aamer Madhani writes in USA Today that the White House in recent weeks has repeatedly highlighted government data that indicates women earn seventy-seven cents for every dollar in wages paid to men (USA 1). It is a Law in the United States to provide everyone equal opportunities, but it does not seem happening. Nobody follows the laws. Even though, women complain about it, nobody listens to them. It is not fair that women are not paid equally; either, businesses should pay them same amount, as men, or government should interfere in companies whoShow MoreRelatedWhere Are Women’s Ethical Rights to Equality? Essay2300 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Where Are Women’s Ethical Rights to Equality? Courtney Washburn Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility Theresa Ramsey May 14, 2014 Women earn 77 percent of what men earn for the same job (Edmonds, 2014). That equals about .77 cents of every dollar that a man earns. We as women are losing 23 cents just because we are women. I have chosen to write about women’s equality using the utilitarian and deontology ethical theories. The world today is a much different world to liveRead MoreGrace Kirby. Trahan. English 8. 3/22/17. Elizabeth Cady904 Words   |  4 PagesGrace Kirby Trahan English 8 3/22/17 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Fight for Women’s Rights In the early 1800 s women were expected to stay in the home and care for the children. They were not allowed to vote or own property. The women were also expected to care for their husband’s needs. When a woman entered into marriage she lost her rights to speak for herself and she could not work for wages outside the home. A shift in the societal environment for women started with an idea of equality whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Canadian Change Bringers-100 Years Of Womens Activism Exhibit1547 Words   |  7 Pages Canadian Change Bringers - 100 Years of Women’s Activism Exhibit Introduction Ever since its origins in the late-1800s, the women’s movement in Canada has successfully fought for the formal equality of Canadian women, establishing justice through legal and social means. Although supported by thousands, if not millions of women in Canada, the women’s movement of Canada has been spearheaded by a select few, who individually, were able to /c Read MoreThe Progression of Women’s Rights from the Early 20th Century973 Words   |  4 PagesProgression of Women’s Rights from the early 20th century Human rights violation was the milestone for many different nations in the 20th century. Citizens of each country had their privilege being abused, faced violence and struggled for independence. Overall, they were denied freedom within their own country. This was carried out by certain people of power who created law in terms of what they thought was best for their citizens. One of the major issues was rights of women who wereRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement886 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership position.† In the women’s rights movement, there was someone who defied all standards set up for women in the 1800s and took chances for the cause of suffrage and equality—Susan Brownell Anthony. Born into a Quaker family in New York, Anthony grew up under the notion of social equality and pursued independence as a young woman. This led her to pursue several imperative movements such as temperance, abolition and her most profound and recognized reformation women’s rights. Susan B. Anthony playedRead MoreUniversal Declaration of Human Rights and Muslim Women785 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluence culture has on women’s rights issues. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) raised a variety of questions dealing with the inference of the term â€Å"universal.† It infers that the declaration is meant to represent human rights in all countries, including those that are non-Western with highly complex cultures and societies. By creating this agreement and applying it as universal it has the â€Å"contradictory effect of undermining communities’ autonomous rights to enjoy their own cultureRead MoreSince The Beginning Of Time, Women Have Explicitly Had1541 Words   |  7 PagesSince the beginning of time, women have explicitly had fewer rights than men until early 1972 when the equal rights amendment was passed. However, the passing of this amendment did not mean that women were treated equal to men. Despi te supposedly being â€Å"equal,† to this day, women get paid less than men, making only about eighty percent of that their male counterparts earn. More injustices are shown in politics where despite having increased the number of females in government positions drasticallyRead MoreDescribing Canada1135 Words   |  5 Pagesbrought about the most change and significance are: the persons case of 1928, the womens liberation movement throughout the 1960s and 70s and the ratification of the Treaty for Rights of Women (CEDAW) in 1981. These three events in Canadas history brought about many crucial changes for the woman of Canada. After woman won the persons case in 1929, Canada finally considered women to be legal persons. Awareness of womens equality came to the fore front during the womans liberation movement in theRead MoreAbortion During The Women s Movement1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe topic on abortion during the Women’s Movement because I am a low-grade feminist, but I believe in pro-choice. Feminist’s advocate for women’s equality to men in areas such as social, political, legal, and economic rights. Growing up, I have always been competitive with the opposite sex and believe that women can do things men can do. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the Women’s Movement began specifically the time period when reproductive rights were an issue, the leaders and organizationsRead MoreWomens Rights Movement1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement Women’s Suffrage is a subject that could easily be considered a black mark on the history of the United States. The entire history of the right for women to vote takes many twists and turns but eventually turned out alright. This paper will take a look at some of these twists and turns along with some of the major figures involved in the  suffrage  movement.   The first recorded instance in American history where a woman demanded the right to vote was in 1647. Margaret

Essay about Anorexia - 1456 Words

According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, there are over 24 Million people that suffer from eating disorders. What is an eating disorder though? The simple definition of this disease is that a person exhibits abnormal eating behaviors. There are many different variations to these disorders but they share many of the same characteristics such as: fear of becoming obese, obsession with thinness, food, weight, and even calorie counting. Of the many cases though what is the main cause of this disease? Can it be psychological, an environmental, or a biological factor? In this paper I will explore some of the reasons why people develop eating disorders and how it all factors into a†¦show more content†¦The three main symptoms are an excessive amount of intake of food accompanied by self-induced vomiting, fasting and/or obsessive or compulsive exercise, and extreme concern with body weight and shape. The recurrent binge-and-purge cycl es can damage the entire digestive system and can lead to electrolyte and chemical imbalances in the body that affect the heart and other major organ functions. Some health consequences of bulimia nervosa are irregular heartbeats, possibly heart failure and death, inflammation and possible rupture of the esophagus from frequent vomiting, tooth decay and staining from stomach acids released, irregular bowel movements and constipation. People struggling with bulimia nervosa usually appear to be of average body weight (National). Physical appearance is not the only issue that this disease faces in people. They also face problems with psychological, environmental and biological issues in life. Since there is no clear way to tell which of these factors is the culprit of causing eating disorders, each factor needs to be looked at. Environmental factors is plays one of the biggest roles in eating disorders. As a society, we are taught that looks matter. So what makes a person associate th inness with beauty? Many people are believing that the media has much to do with how people view themselves. The media has promoted the image of thinness through magazines, advertisement, and televisionShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Anorexia And Anorexia Nervosa1148 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia is a severe eating disorder which is generally characterized by severe weight loss and life threatening dieting these then results in malnourishment (Anorexia Nervosa , 2015). Bulimia and Anorexia are known to be the two most largely known eating disorders that are very serious and affect many teenagers. 95% of people suffering with anorexia are known to be girls however there’s an average 5% of males that suffer from this mental illness. Anorexia is when the brain goes into over drive toRead MoreAnorexia Nervos Symptoms, And Treatment Of Anorexia1076 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Nervosa. University of Maryland Medical Center, U of Maryland Medical Center, 23 Apr. 2015. Accessed 2 0 Apr. 2017. The article, Anorexia Nervosa, examines the background information, symptoms, and treatment of anorexia. Anorexia is defined as a disease in which a person starves themselves and exercises excessively in order to lose weight. In addition, as the person continues to lose weight, they have a distorted body image and perceives themselves as fat. In other words, the personRead MoreEssay on Anorexia1228 Words   |  5 Pages quot;Anorexia Nervosaquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bizarre, devastating, and baffling are three words that describe the anorexia nervosa disease. By definition, anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continue to starve themselves. The term quot;anorexia nervosaquot; literally means nervous lose of appetite. People with the disorder are suppressing a strong desire to eat, because they areRead MoreAnorexia in Teens1178 Words   |  5 Pagesattractive would start to starve them self to become that skinny or what is known in the psychology world as anorexia. Anorexia is a big deal in the United States, a lot of young people are starting to starve them self just to become skinny. This isn’t only because they want to look like that model, or just want to skinny. Anorexia can come from other places in a person’s life. Anorexia came to be from seeing a few of my friends not eat, just because they wanted to be skinny, also I found a newRead More Anorexia Essay658 Words   |  3 Pages The Causes and Effects of Anorexia nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When I think of anorexia, a few things come to mind. I think of really bad episodes of Beverly Hills 90210 and Baywatch in which females, ususally teenagers, starve themselves and take diet pills. The eating problem is always resolved within the timespan of one 30 minute episode. From the research Ive done thus far on anorexia, I now know that this is a very unrealistic representation of what is actually a very serious disease.Read MoreEssay on Anorexia785 Words   |  4 Pages Anorexia Nervosa Have you ever felt fat or self-conscious about the way you looked? These are questions that we may ask ourselves everyday, but anorexics ask themselves these questions every minute of everyday. Questions like this haunt an anorexic’s conscience and ruin the way she/he perceives herself/himself. Anorexia is a very dangerous mental illness because it has many life- threatening effects. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Anorexia is not a choice to be madeRead More Anorexia Essay3393 Words   |  14 PagesAnorexia The World Book Encyclopedia defines anorexia as, one who avoids food for psychological reasons. Most experts believe that those who suffer from anorexia are starving themselves to avoid growing into adults. It is also common knowledge among these experts that anorexics want to gain attention and a sense of being special. People say that anorexia doesnt stop at affecting the victim at hand; instead, it surpasses the anorexic. Which means that anorexia affects the personalityRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa1947 Words   |  8 Pagessome people who do. If we were to look the world as a whole, we would realize that from every 100 teenage girls, 1 to 5 suffers from Anorexia(EDV). As defined by the National Eating Disorders Association, â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.† (NEDA). The term â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† literally means â€Å"neurotic loss of appetite†, and could be more generally defined as the result of a prolonged self-starvationRead MoreAnorexia And Anorexia Are Often Confused Amongst Humans1956 Words   |  8 PagesBulimia and Anorexia are often confused amongst humans. Bulimic people may have many reasoning’s that support their causes for binging, and anorexic people also have reasoning’s that illustrate their causations of being anorexic. Appearance and self-esteem may play a major role towards people who may binge often, and people who are anorexic may just have a fear to eat based on their body figures. However, many confuse the two due to the similar meanings of body weight. This paper will analyze obs ervationsRead MoreAnorexia Nervos A Psychological And Physical Causes And Consequences Of Anorexia930 Words   |  4 Pagespeople with anorexia are related to at least one person with the disorder. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder with mainly adolescent victims. Different studies have been able to identify some of the psychological and physical causes and consequences of anorexia. Many people dismiss anorexia nervosa as a short-lived adolescent disorder, but most do not realize the disease’s long-lasting implications on health and how crucial it is to seek treatment. The UMMC (2016) defines anorexia nervosa as

Becoming Homeless Myself - 704 Words

The green papers flew in the air as I swam threw the piles,cautious as to where to step, but at the same time enjoying myself. I swam to the other end in my bronze coloured, two thousand dollar swimsuit. Half way I was stopped, not by someone, but something. A paper cut. I grab the paper and rip it up in anger, losing one hundred dollars. I fetch Jameson and tell him to get me a Band-Aid. Putting on my shirt, my phone rang. I quickly finished buttoning and attached my golden Rolex watch, glancing at the screen. Unknown number, now who could that be? I tap my phone and the call has been started. â€Å"Hello?† I ask curiously. â€Å"Ah, yes this is Carson James, thirty years of age living in Toronto Ontario and of the Christian background.† Hmm, â€Å"Alright, good bye.† I hang up, cursing myself as I forget to give my address. Jameson comes up with the bandage and I peel the protective paper off and gently apply it to my cut. Right after I finish, I’m told there’s a package for me.Who could that be from? Surely not from the gentle man I was talking to before. I walk up to the box, whipping out my Swiss Army pocket knife. Gently cutting the tape, I open the box. Inside, were my custom shoes I ordered from Jordan. Cautiously removing the packaging I pick up my Jordan’s and put them into my shoe collection, five-hundred collectable sneakers all sitting there peacefully in their respectable places. I sit down tired. AShow MoreRelatedSuppose Your Sociology Instructor Has Asked You to Do a Study of Homelessness. Which Research Technique (Survey, Observation, Experiment, Existing Sources) Would You Find the Most Useful? How Would You Use That Technique to Complete Your Assignment?778 Words   |  4 Pageshomelessness. Firstly, this technique allows me to gain information in my own point of view as I’m the observer and participant as well. Secondly, by using this method, the subject behaviors (homeless people) remain nat ural, therefore, giving the results high validity and reliability. Thirdly, it’s flexible as I can myself test the hypotheses and be able to redefine possible personal conceptions. Fourthly, by directing involving the research, my results will contain highly-detailed, high-quality informationRead More`` Let Them Eat Code `` By Atossa Abrahamians871 Words   |  4 Pagesfocuses her discussion on technology entrepreneurs who approach alleviating homeless in a negative manner or exploit the homeless to benefit their businesses. Throughout her paper, Abrahamian examines numerous problematic instances in which technology moguls used the misfortune of homeless citizens as learning tool to develop innovations for their businesses. Abrahamian traces this exploitation to society’s tendency to view homeless individuals as â€Å"primordial† instead of human beings like the rest of humanityRead MoreThe Homelessness : Why Should We Care About Homeless People?865 Words   |   4 PagesEnding Homelessness Why should we care about homeless people? That’s the kind of attitude you can witness that people have towards the homeless. Homelessness is a pretty common occurrence which might be a reason for people’s indifference towards it. People are unaware of the circumstances surrounding the homeless, which can lead them to believe their situation is like that because of their own personal choice. That is not entirely true and it’s an issue that should be addressed properly. EveryoneRead MoreThe Night Of The Midnight Run1118 Words   |  5 Pageslooking out the window. Suddenly, I heard my teacher say the words Midnight Run. Little did I know, this would forever change my perspective on the way I saw the world. A Midnight Run is when many volunteers come together and distribute goods for the homeless. We gather items such as toiletries, blankets, jackets, gloves, hats, scarves, backpacks, and shoes that come to us in the form of donations. We make several stops in Man hattan and distribute the items. At first I was hesitant to do it. The thoughtRead MoreThe Important Character Traits For A Person853 Words   |  4 Pageshaving self-regulation and self-control. People who are temperate are generally grateful for what they have. This is because temperance is strength against excessive. It is word that can be used to describe people who do not overindulge. I consider myself to be an extremely temperate person, the reason being can be traced back to my upbringing. My family was always comfortable financially growing up. We never lived indulgently, however we never had to worry about when our next meal would be. This upbringingRead MoreThe Social Work Of A Social Worker1551 Words   |  7 Pagesto the presenting problems. It is important that in the process, social workers remain with a nonjudgmental attitude and look at how the person’s environment has been harmful to his or her life. For example, when a social worker is working with a homel ess individual, it is crucial to â€Å"begin where the client is†, while assessing the client’s current needs. Homelessness continues to be a prevalent social issue that continues to affect the lives of many citizens and that social workersRead MoreBecoming A Master Level Social Worker752 Words   |  4 PagesSocial workers are each created in unique ways. Some are affected personally or by issues, people, and/or situations around them. I carry my own personal experiences from good to bad ones. Becoming a master level social worker provides me with a larger spectrum to where I could dedicate myself. Accomplishing a master degree in social worker puts me a step closer to obtaining a licensure, being a therapist, a supervisor, a program director, and many other things. As social workers we carry differentRead MoreThe Poverty Of The Homeless Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesHomeless people are those who do not have the necessities to survive in this world like most fortunate people do. Some of the reasons why people end up becoming homeless are due to poverty, lack of funds to af ford housing, loss of employment, drug addiction, or other personal issues. On a day-to-day basis, we see homeless people everywhere such as on the streets or by the freeway begging for money so they can be fed. After observing so many homeless people in Los Angeles, my mom and I decided toRead MoreHousing Case Study1312 Words   |  6 Pagesproperty but Kelly wait for this application that been put in yet and been put today 20th June 2017 which had been place so I had a conversation that I ring heron Monday. But will Kelly tomorrow and follow up and let know that all people including myself and my wife we are also entitled to housing. I believe that we will continued to place in second, third, four or further down ladder and so what was point of placing us on priority List if this is what is happen in Albury region. I have no choiceRead MoreBecoming A Master s Level Social Worker788 Words   |  4 PagesEach Social worker is created in a unique way. Some are affected personally, by issues, people, and/or situations around them. I carry my own personal experiences from good to bad ones. Becoming a Master’s level Social Worker provides me with a larger spectrum to which I could dedicate myself. Accomplishing a Master degree in social work sets me a step closer to obtaining a licensure, being a therapist, a supervisor, a program director, and many other things. As social workers, we carry different

The Perils Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram - 1506 Words

The complexities of a human s readiness to submit to someone else s will have fascinated humankind since the development of societal gatherings. Just in late history there has been many investigations directed which so totally catch the layman s creative energy as the submission tests led by Stanley Milgram. As one of only a handful couple of mental analyses to have such a consideration getting criticalness, Milgram found a concealed quality of the human mind that appeared to demonstrate a shrouded insane in even the most coy individual. Milgram presents his startling discoveries in The Perils of Obedience. By first investigating what Milgram is endeavoring to find in his examination of acquiescenceis that it is conceivable to better†¦show more content†¦This is the place Diana Baumrind disagrees with Milgram s investigation. She feels that by volunteering, the subject concurs verifiably to expect a stance of trust and submission. Basically, Baumrind feels that the setting o f a genuinely harmless sounding test in a sheltered, controlled condition of a lab makes the subject have a misguided feeling of wellbeing in the experimenter s understanding. In this way, the examinations are inclined to create skewed outcomes, and also potential mental damage to the subject. Later examination of Milgram s techniques, as referred to by Benjamin and Simpson, has made contemporary clinicians turn out to be all the more intensely mindful of moral issues in their exploration, bringing about changes in morals codes and exploratory methods. Milgram led his examination in the lab setting in view of the situation of how to make the subject direct stronger stuns. Therefore, as stated by Benjamin and Simpson, Milgram was exceptionally energized when he thought that the experimenter would need to let him know (the subject) to give even more elevated stuns. This setting enabled Milgram to put the subject in a circumstance which had not been investigated some time recently, acq uiescence of direct definitive requests. In spite of the fact that Baumrind disagrees with the potential mischief to the subjects, it can be contended that there was no point of reference to caution Milgram of aShow MoreRelatedThe Perils Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram950 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Perils of Obedience, Stanley Milgram introduces us to his experimental studies on the conflict between one’s own conscience and obedience to authority. From these experiments, Milgram discovered that a lot of people will obey a figure in authority; irrespective of the task given - even if it goes against their own moral belief and values. Milgram’s decision to conduct these experiments was to investigate the role of Adolf Eichmann (who played a major part in the Holocaust) and ascertain ifRead MoreThe Perils of Obedience, by Stanley Milgram1499 Words   |  6 Pageswould you follow your direct orders? That is the question that Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale Unive rsity tested in the 1960’s. Most people would answer â€Å"no,† to imposing pain on innocent human beings but Milgram wanted to go further with his study. Writing and Reading across the Curriculum holds a shortened edition of Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† where he displays an eye-opening experiment that tests the true obedience of people under authority figures. He observes that most peopleRead MoreThe Perils Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram918 Words   |  4 Pages Stanley Milgram, an American social psychologist, aggrandized many minds as he delved into a very common habit that humans exhibit every day. One could infer that it was his curiosity which prompted him to write on this topic provided that he was born into a Jewish family. This topic is the human behavior of obedience. â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† was written by Stanley Milgram in 1974. This essay is based upon the findings of his experiment he conducted at Yale University in 1961. The objectiveRead MoreThe Perils Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram757 Words   |  4 PagesObedience above all In his article The Perils of Obedience†, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to determine if the innate desire to obey an authority figure overrides the morality and consciousness that had been already established in a person. After Milgram conducted his experiments he concluded that 60% of the subjects complied to an authority figure rather than their own sympathy. There was additional testing outside the US which showed an even higher compliance rate. Milgram reasoned thatRead MoreStanley Milgram The Perils Of Obedience Summary833 Words   |  4 PagesIn his article â€Å"The Perils of Obedience†, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to determine if the innate desire to obey an authority figure overrides the morality and consciousness that had been already established in an individual. After Milgram conducted his experiments he concluded that 60% of the subjects complied to an authority figure rather than their own morals. There was additional testing outside t he US which showed an even higher compliance rate. Milgram reasoned that the subjectsRead More The Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgram Essay812 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† was written by Stanley Milgram in 1974. In the essay he describes his experiments on obedience to authority. I feel as though this is a great psychology essay and will be used in psychology 101 classes for generations to come. The essay describes how people are willing to do almost anything that they are told no matter how immoral the action is or how much pain it may cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This essay even though it was written in 1974 is still used today because of its historicalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Perils Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram1489 Words   |  6 Pagesabuse inflicted on them by the prison guards (Zimbardo 116). In â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† Stanley Milgram writes about a controversial experiment in which he requests volunteers to assist him in shocking participants who answer incorrectly to certain questions on the opposite side of a wall. The shock that the volunteers believe they are administering could cause great harm or even be deadly to the participants. After Milgram conducts the experiment, he concludes that normal people are capable ofRead MoreA Critique Of Stanley Milgram s The Perils Of Obedience 1064 Words   |  5 PagesKarsten Piper Due Date: 6/27/15 A Critique of Stanley Milgram’s: â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† Stanley Milgram’s article, â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† first appeared in the December 1973 issue of Harper’s Magazine. In the article, Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, presented the thesis that â€Å"Obedience is a deeply ingrained behavior tendency , indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy and moral conduct .† To prove his point, Milgram conducted a series of experiments at YaleRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesStill, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Stanley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under the orders of an authoritative figure, 64% of average Americans had the capabilityRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s The Perils Of Obedience 2023 Words   |  9 Pages Essay #4 – Obedience and Defiance Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment, which later wrote about it in â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† in 1963 to research how people obey authoritative figures and what extent a person would go inflicting pain onto an innocent person. The study involved a teacher (subject), learner (actor), and an experimenter (authoritative figure). The teacher was placed in front of a control panel labeled with electrical shocks ranging from

Accounting Theory and Issues Purpose Financial Statement

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Issues for Purpose Financial Statement. Answer: Introduction: The company selected for explaining the accounting theories with conceptual Framework and its accounting policies is Woolworths. Woolworths is one of the renowned retail groceries Supermarket of Australia, with its headquartered in Bella Vista, New South Wales. It has established in 1924.(Woolworths Limited 2016). Woolworths is mostly dealing in Selling Groceries like vegetables, packaged foods, fruit, meat etc. But gradually they had started selling DVDs, Magazines and Stationery items. Currently it is operating for over more than 380 stores all over the Australia. Few of the Supermarkets is trading as Safeway Shop in Victoria, which includes- 3 stores in Melbournes Suburbs and around the area with 4 area in the rural area. Customer enthusiasm for the organization developed after December 1924, because most branches of the shop were built up crosswise over Australia. Woolworths stores started offering an assortment of merchandise, asserting the least expensive costs and also cash ba ck insurances. At the front line of development in Australia, Woolworths stores turned into the principal assortment store on the planet to introduce receipt printing trade register machines out 1926. About a quarter century the organization's foundation, Woolworths had a store in each state in Australia, taking after the opening of their Hobart store in 1940. With the organization and its stores doing effectively, Woolworths started to try different things with extending their staple extent; more stores started stocking new products of the soil and a bigger scope of sustenance. Woolworths has the aim, goal, objective are as follows: It aims in delivering Quality and Style with the 100% on time delivery. It engages in simple and original value beyond the customer quality with the reasonable price. It always thinks about its customer first and satisfying them. Innovation is given the foremost criteria at every moment. By considering to the sustainability factor it builds its future on the consideration of environment factor. The conceptual Framework of Accounting: The consolidated Financial Framework are the part of the general purpose statements which is made in with the help of the Corporation Act 2001, Australian Accounting Standards and Interpretation (AASI), International financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and relating to the other availability of the laws and accounting rule.(Dufour et al.,2014). The Woolworths statement is prepared based on the Australian Dollar and amounts are in million dollars. The financial statements are prepared taking into account the historical cost excluding the derivative of the financial assets, which is measured with the fair value as, mentioned in the policies of accounting. Some of the heads of the balance sheet has been re-categorized to adjust with the recent time of financial performance with individual as well as of group. It follows ASRE 2410, AASB 134, and ASRE 2410, which is related to IAS 34 (Deegan 2013) Code of Ethics of Woolworths Limited Woolworths Limited is committed towards acting for the best interests of customers as well a shareholders and fellow colleagues. This particular retail organization meets the highest standards of behavior as well as appearance. It complies with the law in and with the company policies. It aims at protecting company assets as well as information and reputation. As per the present code of ethics of Woolworths Limited, the employees are prohibited front the consumption of alcohol during the working hours or work under the influence or drugs. The employees are prohibited using any sort of objectionable and obscene language at the work, place. The code ethics of Woolworths further states that the employees are to behave in a consistent manner adhering to the present policies of Woolworth. Remuneration of Woolworths Limited Executive Remuneration Framework designs in reviewing at the broader business strategy at Woolworths limited. This retail organization remains consistent with remuneration strategies as well as principles. It drives the behaviors for promoting sustainable long-term value to the key shareholders in the most appropriate way. The remuneration principle of the company are based on market competitiveness, demanding measures, performance based remuneration and the alignment of the shareholders. The remuneration strategies are framed in such a manner thst it ensures tht the talented employee of the organization are well rewarded with attractive remuneration packages. The companys performance based remuneration is directly, based on the different types of the strategies of the company are base on the financial performance of then business. Corporate Governance of Woolworths Limited Woolworths Limited has access to continuous Corporate Disclosure policies containing compiling attributes under Corporations Act 2001 as well as ASX listing rules. It involves establishing framework for enabling Woolworths for providing Woolworths Limited for providing shareholders on timely manner. It requires direct as well as equal access towards gaining relevant information in relation with Woolworths Limited. It aims at promoting investor confidence in integrity for the company as well as securities in application of corporate disclosures. It is the procedures involving directors and employees for attainment of future goals and objectives. Significant Accounting Theory Basis of consolidation The preparation of the consolidated financial statement of the firm includes the assets, liabilities and the issue of the extension till June 28 2015. Group has control in all the entities of the subsidiaries. (Christensen et al.,2015) Foreign Currency This section deals in two categories of diversion i.e., Functional Presentation Currency, Traditional Balances and Items with functional Currency other than AUD. Functional Presentation Currency includes the financial statement in which initial currency economic environment measures operating entity. Traditional Balances translates the foreign currency transactions into Australian Dollars with the involvement of the exchange rate at the time of transactions. Whereas, the Financial Statements of Foreign Operations are transforming the AUD to the exchange rates.(Barker et al.,2014) Goods and Services Tax (GST) Assets, revenue and expenses are considered as net of GST, only leaving the case where GST is not recoverable from the taxation department New and Amended standards adopted This section has acquired all the accounting regulations which are new and already regulated and issued by the (AASB) Australian Accounting Standards Board which will be advantageous for the period starting on and after June 30 2014. AASB 9 which deals in financial statement amended by AASB 2010-7, AASB 2012-6, AASB 2013-9 and AASB 2014-1. AASB 2015-2 which contains Amendments of Australian Accounting Standards This discloses the representations of financial statements.( Bureau of Meteorology Australia. Water Accounting Standards Board 2012) Sales of goods Revenue identifies the specific risk that will receive and to be received by the consumers. Revenue will be identified as net of discount and returns. Depreciation and Amortization- This section deals in policies and rules related to the reduction in the value of Assets and Liabilities. (Haslam et al., 2016) Employee Benefit- This section looks to the Rules and regulation related to the benefit of the people working in the employees. Leases if the Woolworths then this section deals in the rules and standards take any lease related to the accounting standards. If any operating lease is taken then the rules and standards related to that is mentioned in this section.(Adibah Wan Ismail et al., 2013) Financing Costs It include rules and regulations related to the burrowing which is directly given for the acquisition, production and merger of the qualifying assets, which is to be capitalized during the time when the assets are acquired. Trade and Other receivables Trade and receivable are initially identified on the fair value and then measurable at the expense of the method of the interest, less an allowance during the impairment. It basically provides 30 days. Inventories It is calculated on the lower of the two i.e., net realizable amount and the cost. Cumulative profit or loss is taken into consideration after the sale and purchase of the securities that is generally done over the exchange.(Ahmed et al., 2013) Listed securities The listed securities are determined at the fair values of the security. Issued Standards and Interpretation not adopted earlier The details of the section are given on the table mentioned below: Scandal or Issue Faced by Woolworth Ltd Woolworths Ltd is Australias biggest retailer that in the past years sacked two senior managers who were accountable for disappearance of worth million dollars of meat from its takeaway stores in Victoria. The company was involved in the meat scandal in which a former manager working in a Woolworth Ltds meat processing plant was dismissed at the time when his confidential financial interest n the organization implicated in the fraud was exposed (Jorissen et al., 2014). Another senior manager was sacked because of his failure to maintain a proper account and report for such disappearance of thousands of kilogram of trimmed meat. Certain negligence, misleading and deceptive conduct was observed in Woolworth Ltd that involved the company in a civil court action in Australian Federal court in the year 2001. From such scandal, it was gathered that the company faced issues because of its meat division that came into limelight due to faulty account maintenance after meat disappearance (Larson Herz, 2013). The code of conduct of the Woolworths applies to all the member of the company, under the code of conduct every member of the employee should follow and maintain honesty, integrity and dealing of fair of very employees while interacting to the customers, community, suppliers and competitors and fulfill the duties and responsibilities (Nguyen Gong, 2014). The remuneration of the company includes giving fixed and variable remuneration to all the executive and non-executive of the company and details of the annual report is given in the Annual report of the company (Klettner et al.,2014). The corporate governance of the company deals in fulfilling the diversity, initiatives and the objective of the company which has been mentioned in the corporate governance of the statement of the company. The corporate governance of the company includes continuing the incremental growth in the number of women working as senior roles in the company (Tricker 2015). Current Position of Woolworth Ltd through Statistical Representation From the gross margin position graph of the company depicted under, it can be gathered that the company is in a financially sound position. The balance sheet of the company is placed in a better position with a manageable level of gearing with the operating cash flow remaining robust. It also has highest rates in profitability. Woolworths Ltd has attained a normalized return on equity that is increased by 34% over the past five years (Niskanen, 2016). Efficient compliance with the corporate governance codes has indicated that the compound growth in the intrinsic value is at a healthy position over time. Figure 1: Gross Margin of Woolworth Ltd (Source: Woolworths Limited, 2016) Current financial position of the company is depicted in the figure below that indicates gradual increase in the shareholders return. The business strategy planning cycle and its continuous innovation has resulted in increased shareholders returns. By experiencing increase in profits, the company delivers income and growth for shareholders (Woolworths Limited, 2016). The company has delivered constant growth of its shareholders; however, it has failed to offer good dividends to its shareholders in the recent year that depicts a deceasing trend in the shareholder dividend graph. The company experienced constant increase in revenue from its continuing operations. Woolworths Ltd has recorded a successful record of accomplishment of dividend growth that has provided a constantly increased stream of franked income to holders over two decades. The company declares fully paid dividend in the recent years because of its increased income growth. The earnings per share of the company subsequently increased over the years until 2015. To eliminate the issues of account maintain and abiding by the corporate governance code of conduct, the company has paid good attention in ensuring increased returns for their investment. Both the price earnings ratio and the price earnings growth of the company is deemed to be higher in the market as depicted in the annual report. Moreover, Woolworths Ltd has increased its rewards for its investors properly by offered regular increased interests and high performance that contributed to the strong fundamentals of the company. Figure 2: Shareholders Return Graph for Woolworths Ltd (Source: Woolworths Limited, 2016) Cash flow is considered among the vital financial indicators of the company. From the annual report of Woolworths Ltd, it can be gathered that there is a gradual increase in the operating cash flows that ensured smooth running of its business operations (Weaver, 2014). However, the company has undertaken great capital expenditures for introducing extended term productivity and business efficiency. This has resulted in the availability of free cash flows though the organization has been capable to maintain a positive balance. Hence, the companys availability of cash flow is observed to decline and such decline is because of the reason of expansion and inefficiency in the supply chain (Weaver, 2014). Conclusion: The objective of the report was to offer appropriate understanding of the accounting theories and concepts and the way a company prepares its General Purpose Finance. The report also conducted a comprehensive report on Woolworth Ltd that is among the top 100-listed Australian company with explanation of the conceptual framework. The research included various account-based theories that are taken from the General Purpose Financial Statement. Moreover, the report offered information regarding any scandal or issue that was faced by the company in the past. Current position of Woolworth Ltd was evaluated employing certain statistical charts provided in the annual report. The study also includes accounting policies also affects the current scenario of the Woolworths which is depicted in the above mentioned charts. It is important to review and analyze the truth than come forward with the actions. Regular check-up is necessary to avoid the sale of products that are not fresh and the slogan should match the reality. From the above study it is analyzed that the Woolworths has not given the dividend to its Shareholders this year, similarly the cash flow is also fluctuating in the current year. So on an average the company is moving to profit maximization. Reference list: Adibah Wan Ismail, W., Anuar Kamarudin, K., Van Zijl, T., Dunstan, K. (2013). Earnings quality and the adoption of IFRS-based accounting standards: Evidence from an emerging market.Asian Review of Accounting,21(1), 53-73. Ahmed, A. S., Neel, M., Wang, D. (2013). Does mandatory adoption of IFRS improve accounting quality? Preliminary evidence.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(4), 1344-1372. Australia. Bureau of Meteorology, Australia. Water Accounting Standards Board. (2012).Australian water accounting standard 1: Preparation and presentation of general purpose water accounting reports. Canberra, A.C.T: Water Accounting Standards Board. Barker, R., Lennard, A., Nobes, C., Trombetta, M., Walton, P. (2014). Response of the EAA financial reporting standards committee to the IASB discussion paper A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting.Accounting in Europe,11(2), 149-184. Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M., Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?.European Accounting Review,24(1), 31-61. Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dufour, D., Teller, P., Luu, P. (2014). A neo-institutionalist model of the diffusion of IFRS accounting standards.Computational Economics,44(1), 27-44. Haslam, C., Tsitsianis, N., Hoinaru, R., Andersson, T., Katechos, G. (2016). Stress testing international financial reporting standards (IFRS): Accounting for stability and the public good in a financialized world.Accounting, Economics and Law: A Convivium,6(2) doi:10.1515/ael-2015-0006 Jorissen, A., Lybaert, N., Orens, R., Van der Tas, L. (2014). A longitudinal analysis of Corporate political activity towards the IASB: An analysis of context and firm-level antecedents as well as adopted strategies. Klettner, A., Clarke, T., Boersma, M. (2014). The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 145-165. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1750-y Larson, R. K., Herz, P. J. (2013). A multi-issue/multi-period analysis of the geographic diversity of IASB comment letter participation.Accounting in Europe,10(1), 99-151. Nguyen, A. T., Gong, G. (2014). Measurement of formal convergence of vietnamese accounting standards with IFRS.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), 182-197. doi:10.1111/auar.12033 Niskanen, S. (2016). of thesis Accrual anomaly and accounting standardsEvidence from the adoption of IFRS.Journal of Financial Economics,80(3), 511-529. Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing - Woolworths Limited. (2016).Woolworthslimited.com.au. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/ Tricker, B. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Weaver, L. (2014).Managing the transition to IFRS-based financial reporting: A practical guide to planning and implementing a transition to IFRS or national GAAP which is based on, or converged with IFRS. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.

Television in our life free essay sample

Television In our life How do we spend our free time? Some 20 or 30 years ago the usual answers used to be: Were going to the theatre or Were going to a party. Now we very often hear Were going to stay at home and watch the TV! Television is now one of the most important mass media. It plays a great role in our life today. But when and how did it become an ordinary thing In the household today? The Idea of a machine able to broadcast both sound and vision goes back to 1875. But only in 1926 a Scottish ngineer turned the idea into a practical reality. John Logier Baird produced the first TV pictures Just 8 years after the World War l. Soon his original system was Improved and in 1936 Britains first regular TV programme went on the air. But Great Britain wasnt the only country-producing programmes. We will write a custom essay sample on Television in our life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other European countries were also Involved In the early days of TV. US television boomed In the late 40s. CBS † one of the American networks developed a colour service in 1951. In 1953 TV took another important step when it covered its major international event † the coronation of Britains Queen † Elizabeth II. By the end of the decade TV culture was rapidly becoming a fact of life on both sides of the Atlantic. In 60s and 70s TV started to satisfy the publics desire, not just for entertainment, but also for rapid accurate Information. We can hardly Imagine our life without television. It offers the viewers several programmes on different channels to satisfy all tastes. Its a convenient source of information as it informs us about current affairs and the latest developments and achievements In science and technology both in our country and broad. It also broadcasts meetings between famous people in various walks of life. You can also get a lot of useful information from a great number of educational programmes. which are very helpful and Interesting for children and grown-ups, By watching the programmes dealing with animals and birds and all kinds of living things in their natural surroundings, about the unusual phenomena on our planet we widen our knowledge of different subjects and the world around us. TV Is a convenient source of entertainment too. You watch your favourite sport games, hear symphony concerts, operas, popular melodies; we have an opportunity to see soap- operas, especially popular among housewives; we hear talks on archeology, history, geography; we hear critics talking about new books, films, plays, works of art; we hear living poets reading their own poems. So, television informs, educates and entertains us. Since 1980 there have been 4 major developments † video, satellite TV cable, HDTV † high definition television. Whatll happen to TV in the 21 sl century? There are ome ideas † TV will be linked to computer data-banks: viewers will be able to ask questions on what theyre watching and the answers will appear on their screens; then TV may oust Radio. But now TV greatly dominates our life, attracts us away from other things, still we find it useful and we continue watching the programmes to our Ilklng. BY 95t-nana95 become an ordinary thing in the household today? The idea of a machine able to TV pictures Just 8 years after the World War l. Soon his original system was improved involved in the early days of TV.

Sociology Research free essay sample

Sexism is also known as  gender discrimination  or  sex discrimination, is defined as prejudice or discrimination based on sex; or behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex. Sexism is a form of discrimination or devaluation based on a persons sex, with such attitudes being based on beliefs in traditional stereotypes of gender roles. The term  sexism  is most often used in relation to discrimination against women, in the context of patriarchy. Sexism involves hatred of or prejudice towards a gender as a whole or the application of gender stereotypes. Sexism is often associated with gender-supremacy arguments. Gender stereotypes A 1952 magazine feature stereotyping women drivers. Gender stereotypes are widely held beliefs about the characteristics and behavior of women and men. Gender stereotypes are not only descriptive, but also prescriptive beliefs about how men and women should be and behave. Members of either sex who deviate from prescriptive gender stereotypes are punished; assertive women, for example, are called bitches whereas men who lack physical strength are seen as wimps. Empirical studies have found widely shared cultural beliefs that men are more socially valued and more competent than women at most things, as well as specific assumptions that men are better at some particular tasks (e. g. , mechanical tasks) while women are better at others (e. g. , nurturing tasks). For example,  Fiske  and colleagues surveyed nine diverse samples, from different regions of the United States, and found that members of these samples, regardless of age, consistently rated the category men higher than the category women on a multidimensional scale of competence. Gender stereotypes can facilitate and impede intellectual performance. For instance,  stereotype threat  can lower womens performance on mathematics tests due to the stereotype that women have inferior quantitative skills compared with men. Stereotypes can also affect the assessments people make of their own competence. Studies found that specific stereotypes (e. g. , women have lower mathematical ability) affect women’s and men’s perceptions of their abilities (e. g. , in math and science) such that men assess their own task ability higher than women performing at the same level. These biased self-assessments have far-reaching effects because they can shape men and women’s educational and career decisions. Gender stereotypes are sometimes applied at an early age. Various interventions were reviewed including the use of fiction in challenging gender stereotypes. For example, in a study by A. Wing, children were read  Bills New Frock  by  Anne Fine. The content of the book was discussed with them. Children were able to articulate, and reflect on, their stereotypical constructions of gender and those in the world at large. There was evidence of children considering the different treatment that boys and girls receive, and of classroom discussion enabling stereotypes to be challenged. Sexist and gender-neutral language Research has found that the use of  he  as a generic pronoun evokes a disproportionate number of male images and excludes thoughts of women in non gender-specific instances. Results also suggest that while the plural  they  functions as a generic pronoun for both males and females, males may comprehend  he/she  in a manner similar to  he, as  he  usually is placed before the dash and  she  after. This is usually done because the word  she  already contains the word  he  so it is positioned after the dash. It also has nothing to do with stereotypical gender roles. Nearing the end of the 20th century, there is a rise in gender-neutral language in western worlds, which is often attributed to the rise of  feminism. Gender-neutral language  is the avoidance of  gender-specific job titles, non parallel usage, and other usage that is considered by some to be sexist. Supporters claim that having gender–specific titles and gender–specific pronouns either implies a systemic bias to exclude individuals based on their gender or else as unnecessary in most cases as race-specific pronouns, religion-specific pronouns, or persons-height-specific pronouns. Some of those who support gender-specific pronouns assert that promoting gender-neutral language is a kind of semantics injection itself. Anthropological linguistics and gender-specific language Unlike the  Indo-European languages  in the west, for many other  languages  around the world,  gender-specific pronouns  are a recent phenomenon that occurred around the early 20th century. As a result of  colonialism, cultural revolution occurred in many parts of the world with attempts to modernize and westernize by adding gender-specific pronouns and animate-inanimate pronouns to local languages. This resulted in the situation of what was  gender-neutral pronouns  a century ago suddenly becoming gender–specific. (See for example  Gender-neutrality in languages without grammatical gender: Turkish. ) Gender-specific pejorative terms Gender–specific pejorative terms intimidate or harm another person because of their gender. Sexism can be expressed in a pseudo–subtle manner through the attachment of terms which have negative gender oriented implications  such as through  condescension. Many examples include swear words. A mildly vulgar example is the uninformative attribution of the term hag for a woman or fairy for a man. Although hag and fairy both have non-sexist interpretations, when they are used in the context of a gender–specific pejorative term these words become representations of sexist attitudes. The relationship between rape and misogyny Research into the factors which motivate perpetrators of  rape  against a specific gender, for example, women, frequently reveals patterns of hatred of said gender and pleasure in inflicting psychological and/or physical trauma, rather than sexual interest. Researchers have argued that rape is not the result of pathological individuals, but rather systems of male dominance, cultural practices and beliefs that objectify and degrade women. Mary Odem, Jody Clay-Warner and Susan Brownwiller consider sexist attitudes to be propagated by a series of myths about rape and rapists. They state that contrary to those myths, rapists often plan a rape before they choose a victim and that acquaintance rape  is the most common form of rape rather than assault by a stranger. Odem also states that these rape myths propagate sexist attitudes about men by perpetuating the thought that men cannot control their sexuality. In response to  acquaintance rape, the Men Can Stop Rape movement has been implemented. The US military has started a similar movement with the tagline My strength is for defending. Occupational sexism Occupational sexism refers to any  discriminatory  practices, statements, actions, etc. based on a persons  sex  that are present or occur in a place of  employment. One form of occupational sexism is  wage discrimination. In 2008, the  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development  (OECD) found that while female employment rates have expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage gaps have narrowed virtually everywhere, on average, women still have 20% less of a chance to have a job and are paid 17% less than men. Moreover, the report stated: [In] many countries, labor market  discrimination  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ i. e. the unequal treatment of equally productive individuals only because they belong to a specific group – is still a crucial factor inflating disparities in employment and the quality of job opportunities [ ] Evidence presented in this edition of the  Employment Outlook  suggests that about 8% of the variation in gender employment gaps and 30% of the variation in gender wage gaps across OECD countries can be explained by discriminatory practices in the labour market. The report also found that despite the fact that almost all OECD countries, including the U. S. have established anti-discrimination laws, these laws are difficult to enforce. Gender stereotypes Gender roles  (or sex roles) are attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex. A culture that defines males as ambitious and competitive encourages them to seek out positions of leadership and play team sports. To the extent that females are defined as deferential and emotional, they are expected to be supportive helpers and quick to show their feelings. According to the  OECD, womens labor market behavior is influenced by learned cultural and social values that may be thought to discriminate against women (and sometimes against men) by stereotyping certain work and life styles as male or female. Further, the OECD argues that womens educational choices may be dictated, at least in part, by their expectations that [certain] types of employment opportunities are not available to them, as well as by gender stereotypes that are prevalent in society. There is a long record of women being excluded from participation in many professions. Often, women have gained entry into a previously male profession only to be faced with additional obstacles. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive an M. D. in the  United States  and  Myra Bradwell, the first female lawyer in the state of  Illinois, illustrate the prevalence of women being excluded from certain professions and the changing culture. Professional discrimination continues today according to studies done by  Cornell University  and others. Some have hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the  University of Toronto  led by Amber Budden. The study showed that, in the journal  Behavioral Ecology, after implementation of double-blind review in which both the author and reviewer identity is concealed, there was an increase of 7. 9% in the number of papers authored by women. This was more than three times the increase of female ecology graduate students in the United States. In addition, women frequently earn significantly lower wages than their male counterparts who perform the same job. In the U. S. , for example, women earn an average of 23. 5% less than men. In 1833, women working in factories earned only one-quarter of mens wages, and in 2007, womens median annual paychecks reflected only $0. 78 for every $1. 00 earned by men. A study showed women comprised 87% of workers in the child care industry and 86% of the health aide industry. Some experts believe that parents play an important role in the creation of values and perceptions of their children. The fact that many girls are asked to help their mothers do housework, while many boys do technical tasks with their fathers, seems to influence their behavior and can sometimes discourage girls from performing such tasks. Girls will then think that each gender should have a specific role and behavior. A 2009 study found that being overweight harms womens career advancement but presents no barrier for men. Overweight  or  obese  women were significantly under-represented among company bosses, whereas a significant proportion of male executives were overweight or obese. The author of the study stated that the results suggest that the glass ceiling effect on womens advancement may reflect not only general negative stereotypes about the competencies of women, but also weight bias that results in the application of stricter appearance standards to women. Overweight women are evaluated more negatively than overweight men. There is a tendency to hold women to harsher weight standards. At other times, there are accusations that some traditionally female professions have been or are being eliminated by its roles being subsumed by a male dominated profession. The assumption of baby delivery roles by doctors with the subsequent decline of  midwifery  is sometimes claimed to be an example. Wage gap [pic] Euro stat  found a persisting gender pay gap of 17. 5% on average in the 27  EU Member States  in 2008. Similarly, the OECD  found that female full-time employees earned 17% less than their male counterparts across OECD countries in 2009. In the U. S. , the female-to-male earnings ratio was 0. 77 in 2009, meaning that, in 2009, female full-time, year round (FTYR) workers earned 77% as much as male FYTR workers. Womens earnings relative to mens fell from 1960 to 1980 (from 60. 7 percent to 60. 2%) and then rose rapidly from 1980 to 1990 (from 60. 2% to 71. 6%), and less rapidly from 1990 to 2000 (from 71. 6% to 73. 7%) and from 2000 to 2009 (from 73. 7% to 77. 0%). At the time when the first  Equal Pay Act  was passed in 1963, female full-time workers earned 58. 9% as much as male full-time workers. The gender pay gap has been attributed to differences in personal and workplace characteristics between women and men (education, hours worked, occupation etc. as well as direct and indirect discrimination in the labor market (gender stereotypes, customer and employer bias, etc. ). Studies always find that some portion of the gender pay gap remains unexplained even after controlling factors that are assumed to influence earnings. The unexplained portion of the wage gap is attributed to gender discrimination. The estimates for the discriminatory component of the gender pay gap vary widely. The OECD estimated that approximately 30% of the gender pay gaps across OECD countries is due to discrimination. Australian research shows that discrimination accounts for approximately 60% of the wage differentials between women and men. Studies examining the gender pay gap in the United States  show that large parts of the wage differential remain unexplained even after controlling for factors that affect pay. One study examined college graduates and found that the portion of the pay gap that remains unexplained after all other factors are taken into account is 5% one year after graduating college and 12% 10 years after graduation. Research done at  Cornell University  and elsewhere indicates that mothers are less likely to get hired than equally qualified fathers and, if hired, would be paid a lower salary than male applicants with children. The  OECD  found that a significant impact of children on women’s pay is generally found in the United Kingdom and the United States. ]  Fathers, on the other hand, earn  $7,500 more on average that than men without children. Glass ceiling The term glass ceiling is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement based on discrimination, particularly gender discrimination. In academic achievement, great improvements have been made. However, as of 1995 in the United States, women received about half of all Masters degrees, but 95 to 97% of the senior managers of Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 companies were male and in the Fortune 2000 Industrial and service companies, only 5% of senior managers were women. The  United Nations  asserts progress in bringing women into leadership and decision making positions around the world remains far too slow. Objectification Some argue that  sexual objectification  is a form of sexism. Some countries, such as  Norway  and  Denmark, have laws against sexual objectification in advertising. Nudity itself is not banned, and nude people can be used to advertise a product, but only if they are relevant to what is being advertised. Sol Olving, head of Norways Kreativt Forum, an association of the countrys top advertising agencies, explained, You could have a naked person advertising shower gel or a cream, but not a woman in a bikini draped across a car. Sexism in the Workplace Sexism in education is clearly associated with sexism in the workplace. When women are expected to â€Å"stay in the home,† they are unable to access the necessary educational resources to compete with men in the job market. If by chance they are able to secure a position, women may be less prepared educationally for the task, and thus draw lower wages. In recent decades more women have entered the United States workforce. After WWII (from about 1947), about 30 percent of women were employed outside the home; today, at the start of the 21st century, the figure is well over 50 percent. (Some estimates approach 75 percent if â€Å"part-time† jobs are included. Yet women are far from treated equally on the job. Typically, they hold lower-paying, lower-status jobs than men. In fact, women may account for only 25 percent of the upper-level managers in large corporations. And although half of the employees in the largest, most prestigious firms around the United States may be women, perhaps as few as 5 percent or less actually hold senior positions. In general, women are under-represented in the higher-status, higher-paying occupations, such as university teaching, law, engineering, and medicine. In contrast, women are over-represented in the lower-paying occupations, such as public-school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. In stereotypical female jobs, referred to as  womens ghettos, women are subordinate to the positions of men. For example, executives supervise secretaries who are likely to be women, and lawyers supervise paralegals, who are also likely to be women. Women in the same jobs as men usually earn less, even though these women may have the same or better training, education, and skills. As a general statistic, women make only 60 percent or less than men in comparable positions. Why this disparity? Sociologists speculate that, in some cases, the fact that women often must take time off to have and raise children interrupts their career path. As much as Americans may hate to admit it, women in the United States still bear the primary responsibilities of child-rearing. Conflicting demands may partly explain why married women with children are more likely to leave their jobs than are childless and single women. Also, men are seen as the â€Å"chief bread winners,† so the belief is that they should be paid more than women in order to support their families. Whatever the reason, paying women less than men for equally demanding work is discrimination.

Poems By Robert Frosts Essays - Robert Frost, After Apple-Picking

Poems By Robert Frosts Robert Frost is an American poet who drew his images from the New England countryside and his language from the New England speech. His poetry was mainly about the life of the rural New Englander. Frost's focus was on everyday subject matters. A lot of his poems were concerned with how people interact with their environment, and the beauty of nature. I will be analyzing some of Frost's poems including After Apple-Picking, An Old Man's Winter Night, The Road Not Taken, Acquainted with the Night and discussing the themes apparent in each. After Apple-Picking describes how after a hard day of picking apples the speaker dreams of the activity but in his dreams these activities are blurred. This is inferred by when he says ?I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I got from looking through a pane of glass.?1 There seemed to be a celebration of harvest as well as a longing to escape the pain of the real world. The rhythm of the poem is confusing, as there is a mixing of tones and tenses that suggest some contradictory event. As when he said ? Magnified apples appear and disappear?2 then contradicts it and says ?Of load on load of apples coming in.?3 This rhythm also suggests repetitive toil and drained energy. The theme of nature is obvious in this poem. The speaker seemed to cherish the moments spent on apple picking, but is now too tired to continue. There seemed to be a sense of him wanting to melt into the nothingness of death. The speaker becomes both mentally and physically exhausted as the apples are gathered. ? For I have had too much of apple-picking; I am overtired of the great harvest I myself desired.?4 This again brings out Frosts combination of pastoral/human and poetic work. An Old Man's Winter Night speaks of an old man dying in the winter in New England alone. Again in this poem we see nature standing and looking on. There is a sense that humans, though we live together, each is a single person who has to face issues individually. This old man seems to represent the emotion of human loneliness even though ?a light he was to no one but himself.?5 In Acquainted with the Night the speaker speaks of his or her confrontation with some type of nothingness, speaking of their being ?one acquainted with the night.?6 From the words you can tell that the speaker is experiencing some type of homelessness and loneliness from where he or she says they ?have looked down the saddest city lane.?7 You can see in the third verse of the poem that ?when far away an interrupted cry?8 did not concern him and that he was not acknowledged. When the speaker glanced at the moon it suggests to him the indifference of time proclaiming ?the time was neither wrong nor right.?9 Nothing changes because of him and time neither judged nor guided his journey. The metaphor of the night suggests loneliness and hopelessness. It implies the state of the poet, which is one of darkness itself. One of Frost's lesser known poems entitled The Road Not Taken is about the choice a lifetime. Like all of Frost's poems it is written in a plain and simple dialect. The speaker is faced with two roads in which he cannot see the end. He can and has to choose only one road. He decides to take the one that is less traveled and has less wear. Critics have interpreted the poem as an expression of regret that ones' ability to explore the different possibilities of life as being so sharply limited. This is a good point since most people are face with choices at some point in their life that they do not know the outcome to. Basically the poem is suggesting to the fact that human beings have choices and the choice one makes, whether a good one or a bad one, one has to live with the consequences. The poem would seem to suggest that before one makes a choice, one need to consider the possibilities or consequences of these choices. In other words what I'm saying is that there must be

State of Emergency Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria Essay Example

State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria Essay INTRODUCTION Emergency in ordinary parlance means a time of crisis, a moment of danger or suspense. A state of emergency therefore is a governmental declaration that recognises the existence of this peculiar situation and takes some necessary actions to restore the peace and governmental stability of the society. During this period, the maxim, salus populi suprema lex has a special force and to that effect, some normal functions of the executive, legislative and judicial powers may be suspended. Citizens are alerted to change their normal behaviours, or government agencies are ordered to implement emergency preparedness plans. It can also be used as a rationale for suspending rights and freedoms, even if guaranteed under the constitution. Such declarations usually come during a time of natural or man-made disaster, during periods of civil unrest, or following a declaration of war or situation of international or internal armed conflict. In Nigeria, the constitution provides for the declaration of a state of emergency by the President alone on the whole country or in a state, on request by the State Governor, in the following instances: a. when the Federation is at war; b. when the Federation is in imminent danger of invasion or involvement in a state of war; c. when there is actual breakdown of public order and public safety in the Federation or any part thereof to such extent as to require extraordinary measures to restore peace and security; d. here is a clear and present danger of an actual breakdown of public safety in the Federation or any part thereof requiring extraordinary measures to avert such danger; e. there is an occurrence or imminent danger, or the occurrence of any disaster or natural calamity, affecting the community or a section of the community in the Federation; f. there is any other public danger which clearly constitutes a threat to the existence of the Federation; or g. the President receives a request to do so in accordance with the provisions of subsection (4) of the section. We will write a custom essay sample on State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on State of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Nigeria, the President draws the authority to declare a state of emergency from his Emergency Powers which are inherent with his office and this empowers him to do whatever he deems necessary to restore peace and ensure the security of life and property for citizens of Nigeria and non-Nigerians alike residing in the areas affected by the crisis. This runs for a period of six (6) months but can be extended by the National Assembly alone with a two-thirds majority vote of approval. For instance, the situations where these emergency powers have been exercised include the violent ethno-religious crisis in Jos, Plateau state in 2004 which resulted in the total break-down of law and order. Also in Ekiti state in 2006 as a result of the impeachment of both the Governor and his deputy for gross misconduct by the Ekiti State House of Assembly. Recently, there have been calls by the Nigerian people to the President to declare a state of emergency due to the electoral violence that erupted in Bauchi and Kaduna states, but it was not declared. In the United States of America, the President in time of crisis uses his emergency powers which allow the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to bypass normal administrative and jurisdictional rules. Declarations of emergency can also provide special federal aid such as during the Flood of 1993 along the Mississippi River or in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. President Abraham Lincoln used his emergency powers to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland during the American Civil War. In the United Kingdom, Section 1(1) of the Emergency Powers Act 1920 empowers the Monarch to declare a state of emergency. It states that: If at any time it appears to His Majesty that any action has been taken or is immediately threatened by any persons or body of persons of such a nature and on so extensive a scale as to be calculated, by interfering with the supply and distribution of food, water, fuel, or light, or with the means of locomotion, to deprive the community, or any substantial portion of the community, of the essentials of life, His Majesty may, by proclamation (hereinafter referred to as a proclamation of emergency), declare that a state of emergency exists. The Monarch, Privy Council or the Prime Minister can make Emergency Regulations under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 if there is a serious threat to human welfare, the environment or in case of war or terrorism. These regulations last for seven days unless confirmed otherwise by the Parliament. A state of emergency was last invoked in 1974 by Prime Minister Edward Heath in response to increasing industrial action. In Victoria, Aust ralia, a state of emergency can be declared if there is a threat to employment, safety or public order. The effect of the state of emergency enables the Parliament to make desired regulations to secure public order and safety. Though fairly uncommon in democracies, dictatorial regimes often declare a state of emergency that is prolonged indefinitely for the life of the regime. In some situations, martial law is also declined allowing the military greater authority to act. In other cases, emergency is not declared and de facto measures taken or decree-law adopted by the government. Egypt has been governed under emergency law almost continuously since 1967 and without interruption since Hosni Mubarak became president in October 1981 after the assassination of president Anwar Sadat. The law has been repeatedly renewed since then. The law gives the executive – in practice the Ministry of Interior – extensive powers to suspend basic rights such as prohibiting demonstrations, censoring newspapers, monitoring personal communications, and detaining people indefinitely without charge. Egyptian defense attorneys and human rights groups say about 5,000 people currently remain in long-term detention without charge or trial. Some prisoners held under the emergency law have been in jail for more than a decade. Also in Syria, the state of emergency law that had been in force since 1963 was only recently repealed by President Bashar al-Assad in April 2011. In Argentina, the provision for declaring a state of emergency is repeatedly abused by dictatorship with long lasting states of siege giving the government a free hand to suppress opposition. LEGAL EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF A STATE OF EMERGENCY Under a state of emergency, there is the increased presence of personnel of the armed forces the police and even plain clothes security officials. They are authorized to invade the privacy of homes, emails and even telephone conversations of anybody suspected of anti-governmental activities. They can arrest and detain anyone without charge and for as long as they please. Public demonstrations, freedom of press are prohibited. Pursuant to this authorization, several human rights are infringed upon with impunity. They include: the right to life, personal liberty, freedom of movement, freedom of religion, freedom of expression and the press, right to fair hearing, and the right to peaceful assembly. Historically in Nigeria, a declaration of state of emergency has never been declared on the whole country in a democratic government but it has been declared in some states. In all instances, such declaration means the outright suspension of the Governor, is Deputy and the State House of Assembly or Parliament by the President as seen in Western Nigeria (1962), Plateau State (2004), and Ekiti State (2006). Based on this, opinions are divided among eminent jurists, legal icons and constitutional experts on the legality or otherwise of these actions taken during the six-month emergency period. The actions of the President have been argued to be backed by the provisions of Emergency Powers Act of 1961 deriving autho rity from Section 65 (2) of the 1960 Independence Constitution of Nigeria. Again, the judiciary is replete with arguments pertaining to whether this law is still in existence in Nigeria or otherwise. Therefore the legal effects and consequences in Nigeria revolve around these four main issues as follows: 1. The suspension, abuse and/or denial of the human rights of citizens. 2. The suspension of public officers such as the Governor, his Deputy and the State House of Assembly and the Appointment of an Administrator. 3. The Constitutionality of the Appointment of a Sole Administrator to rule the state 4. Arguments and legal suits challenging various aspects and actions of governance during the emergency rule. 1. The suspension, abuse and/or outright denial of the human rights of citizens. â€Å"Human† means â€Å"relating to human beings†, relating to members of the races of homo sapiens – men women, children. ‘Right’ refers to that which is just or correct, truth, fairness, justice, just or legal claim. ‘Human Rights’ therefore means the freedoms, immunities and benefits that according to modern values, all human beings should be able to claim as a matter of right in the society in which they live. The Black’s Law Dictionary defines human rights as the freedoms, immunities, and benefits that, according to modern values especially at an international level, all human beings should be able to claim as a matter of right in the society in which they live. They are regarded as fundamental or basic to the individuals who assert them. Thus civil liberties and human rights are primarily individual rights, claimed by the individual or group of individuals as part of and which relates to, the position of the individuals in an organised state (Foster, 2008). On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Following this historic act the Assembly called upon all Member countries to publicize the text of the Declaration and to cause it to be disseminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories. These rights have been so enshrined in the Nigerian Constitution in Chapter IV, CFRN 1999. They are as follows: a. Right to Life; b. Right to Dignity of Human Persons; c. Right to Personal Liberty; d. Right to Fair Hearing; e. Right to Private and Family Life; f. Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion; g. Right to Freedom of Expression and the Press; h. Right to Peaceful Assembly and Association; i. Right to Freedom of Movement; j. Right to Freedom from Discrimination; k. Right to own Immovable Property. In most countries, the state of emergency and its effects on human rights and freedoms and governmental procedure are regulated by the constitution and/or a law that limits the powers that may be invoked. Rights and freedoms may be suspended during an emergency, for instance, freedom of movement, right to fair hearing, right to peaceful assembly and association as seen in the instances of Syria, France and India. In Nigeria, the Constitution recognises that some measures may need to be taken during a period when the corporate existence of the country may be threatened or may be in jeopardy. The essence of this is to protect the whole public or corporate existence of the nation. In such a situation, the interest of an individual must step down for the interest of the nation. In the famous case of F. R. A. Williams v. Dr. M. A. Majekodunmi, the facts of the case are: The plaintiff/applicant (Williams), was a legal practitioner and a prominent member of the Action Group and its Legal Adviser. Following a rift in the Action Group, the then Premier, Chief S. L. A. Akintola, was removed by the Government of Western Nigeria and Chief Dauda Adegbenro was installed as Premier instead. When the Western House of Assembly convened to pass a vote of confidence on Chief Adegbenros government, Chief Akintolas supporters in the House created an uproar which resulted in the dispersal of members by the police using tear gas. The Federal Parliament, because of the two personalities claiming to be Premier, in exercise of its powers under the Constitution of 1960, declared a State of Emergency in Western Nigeria and approved Regulation whereby the defendant (Majekodunmi) was appointed and empowered to administer the region as Administrator for the region. Inclusive of his powers was the right to serve orders restricting individuals movement to an area defined in the Restriction Order. In exercising of his powers, Majekodunmi caused a Restriction Order to be served on Williams and required that Williams shall be and remain within a distance of three miles from 193, Abeokuta Road, in the township of Abeokuta. It was dated the May 29 1962 and signed by Majekodunmi This assent points to the verity that the Restriction Order under The Emergency Powers (Restriction Orders) Regulation of 1962 was served to deny Williams his personal liberty, right to freedom of movement and fair hearing because he could not appear in court. In the No 1 case decided on June 1, 1962, presided and read by Sir Lionel Brett F. J. , the issue for determination was: Whether in this case, the defendants change of his decision in withdrawing plaintiffs right to appear for himself in court is based on the needs for public order. It was held that the defendant shall be and he hereby is restrained from giving effect or causing effect to be given to the restriction order dated the 29th May, 1962, and served on the plaintiff under the Emergency Powers Restriction Orders) Regulations, 1962, so far as the said order would restrict the plaintiff from leaving the prescribed area at or after 6. 00 a. m. n the 4th June, 1962, and travelling thence by the normal route to the Federal Supreme Court, Lagos, and there arguing the motion filed by him and set down for hearing on that day. And that after arguing the said motion the plaintiff shall return without delay by the normal route to the prescribe area unless the Court shall otherwise direct. And that if the defendant grants the plaintiff a permit under Regulation 2 of t he Emergency Powers (Restriction Order) Regulations, 1962, to enable him to attend this Court and argue the said motion this order shall be of no effect. Justices John Idowu Conrad Taylor and Sir Vahe Bairamuan concurred. In Canada, police powers are extended. A state of emergency in this country has resulted in the mass arrest of all the people in an area and they were detained for six hours without charging them. This is called a ‘precluding’ arrest especially when a suspect is required. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) permits the state to derogate from certain rights in times of emergency. Any measures derogating from obligations under the covenant however, must only be to the extent required by the exigencies of the situation and must be announced by the state party to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. But there are some rights which are too fundamental to be suspended; they are referred to as non-derogable rights. They include the right to life, human dignity, prohibition of torture or cruel human punishment, prohibition on servitude or forced labour, right to religion, right to fair labour practices and the protection of children’s rights. These rights are not permitted to be denied by any government even in times of emergency. There have been arguments by political theorists’ that human rights monitoring activities under the Charter of the United Nations is invasive and a threat to National Sovereignty. 2. Suspension of public officers such as the Governor, his Deputy and the State House of Assembly In all instances of the declaration of state of emergency in Nigeria the foremost public officers of the state were suspended and an Administrator, mostly military, is appointed to take over affairs of the state. The first state of emergency in Nigeria was declared in 1962 and the then Minister of Health, Dr. M. A Majekodunmi was appointed to take over the helms of affairs in Western Region of Nigeria while also suspending the Western House of Assembly. In 2004, a state of emergency was declared on Plateau State by former President Olusegun Obasanjo due to the severe ethno-religious crises and thus the state Governor, Joshua Chibi Dariye, his Deputy and members of the State House of Assembly ceased to hold their respective offices for an initial period of six months. This suspension did not affect the local councils. Subsequently a military administrator, former Chief of Army Staff, Major-General Chris Alli (rtd) was appointed to take over the affairs of the state and see to the restoration of peace. Also in 2006, this declaration was made in Ekiti state by the then President of Nigeria following the unconstitutional impeachment of the Governor for corruption and the subsequent appointment of Former Speaker Friday Aderemi as Head of Government by the Ekiti State House of Assembly. The Governor, Mr. Fayose who denied reports that he had fled the country, said he was in hiding because he feared for his life but he was still Governor of Ekiti State. His deputy Biodun Olujimi, who was also impeached, also laid claim to the Office of Acting Governor. This situation prompted President Obasanjo to state on national television thus: We have come to a sad, ridiculous and unacceptable situation in Ekiti where we have three governors It is dangerous for our democracy to allow this flagrant violation. Thus a state of emergency was declared to prevent the situation from descending into chaos and Brigadier-General Adetunji I. I Olurin (rtd) was appointed. The suspension of the public officers of a state consequent on the declaration poses a major challenge to the constitutional government in Nigeria. The Attorney-General of the Federal Government had insisted that due process was followed in the exercise. He relied on the Provisions of the Emergency Act, 1961 which he desc ribed as within the ambit of Section 315 of the constitution. He also referred to the exercise of a similar power removing the Premier of the Western Region after the declaration of a state of emergency in that region under the Independence Constitution of 1960. The rationale for the suspension of the House of Assembly was articulated by the President himself in the following words: Having a state of house of assembly in a position under a state of emergency is incongruous and may not allow for the expeditious actions that the Administrator will need to put the state back into a situation of peace, harmony, security for all and maintenance of law and order throughout the state. Professor Ben Nwabueze (SAN), a leading authority on constitutional law in Nigeria, has argued with considerable force that the power given to the President under Section 305 of the Constitution is limited to mere declaration of a state of emergency and does not include the power to make laws and to execute them with respect to matters within exclusive state competence. Section 305 of the 1999 Constitution does not contain, as was the case with the 1960 and 1963 Constitutions, any clause permitting the National Assembly to make laws for Nigeria or any part thereof with respect o matters not included in the Legislative Lists as may appear to Parliament to be necessary or expedient for the purpose of maintaining or securing peace, order and good government during any period of emergency. In constitutional democracies, particularly those operating written constitutions, it is not permissible for creatures of statutes such as the President to act outside the four walls of the statutes th at created them. The powers to remove a Governor, vested exclusively in the State House of Assembly, are elaborately stated in Sections 188(1) – (11) CFRN 1999 and the National Assembly is precluded by Section 11(4) from exercising this power during a period of emergency. In the situations of Plateau and Ekiti States, the removal or suspension was done unilaterally by the President. The constitution also makes elaborate provisions for the dissolution of a House of Assembly, for the recall of individual legislators and for succession to the office of the Governor in case of temporary absence or permanent incapacity of the office-holder. Even during a period of emergency, only the National Assembly is empowered by section 11(4) to take over the performance of the functions of the State House of Assembly but then only to the extent ‘necessary or expedient’ and only if the assembly ‘ is unable to perform its functions’. The subsection even goes further to enter a caveat as follows: Provided that nothing in this section shall be construed as conferring on the National Assembly power to remove the Governor or the Deputy Governor of the State from office. From the available facts, the House of Assembly in Ekiti was not unable to perform its functions. As a matter of fact, the House a day before the proclamation elected new officers and took a number of other decisions in a peaceful atmosphere. Thus, the warrant for the suspension of the House cannot be section 11(4) of the Constitution. 3. The Constitutionality of the Appointment of a Sole Administrator In times of emergency the constitution requires the President to take ‘extra-ordinary’ measures to return the state to a status of stability. These extra-ordinary measures are allowed under the Doctrine of Necessity. The term is used to describe the basis on which extra-legal actions by state actors, which are designed to restore order, are found to be constitutional. The suspension of the Governor and his Deputy in conjunction with the appointment of an Administrator has been argued to be one of such necessary actions to be taken during a state of emergency. Arguments on the contrary derive authority from the constitution which is the grundnorm, that is, a basis for the legality of other laws. To this effect, any other law that is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution, shall to the extent of its inconsistency to be null, void and of no legal effect. The constitution states in Section 1(2): The Federal Republic of Nigeria shall not be governed, nor shall any persons or group of persons take control of the Government of Nigeria or any part thereof, except in accordance with the provisions of this constitution. Thus the appointment of a sole administrator to take control over the government of the state is unconstitutional because the constitution, in section 305, does not provide for the removal of a Governor and Deputy Governor and subsequent take-over by an administrator during periods of emergency. In the words of William Pitt, (1759 – 1806) â€Å"Necessity is the plea for every infringement of human freedom. It is the argument of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves. More so, the constitution makes no provision for ‘suspension’ of elected officers it only provides for impeachment. The aforementioned extra-ordinary measures envisaged by the constitution should not be interpreted in terms of the removal of elected but rather only in terms of the deployment of the police and other security forces to maintain law and order or the making of such laws permitting restrictions on and derogation from fundamental rights, other than the right to life and to personal liberty, du ring a period of emergency. Even then, the constitution qualifies the extent of such restrictions derogation when it provides in section 45 (2 3), viz: (2) An Act of the National Assembly shall not be invalidated by reason only that it provides for the taking, during periods of emergency, of measures that derogate from the provisions of section 33 or 35 of this Constitution; but no such measures shall be taken in pursuance of any such Act during any period of emergency save to the extent that those measures are reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during that period of emergency; provided that nothing in this section shall authorize any derogation from the provisions of section 33 of this Constitution, except in respect of death resulting from acts of war or authorize any derogation from the provisions of section 36(8) of this Constitution. (3)In this section, a â€Å"period of emergency† means any period during which there is in force a Proclamation of a stat e of emergency declared by the President in exercise of the powers conferred on him under section 305 of this Constitution. 4. Arguments and legal suits challenging various aspects and actions of governance during Emergency Rule The obvious issue that comes to mind is the question bothering on if the situation at hand was enough reason for a declaration of a state of emergency by the President. This discretion is clearly that of the President and he is the sole determinant and initiator of the exercise except under circumstances provided for in Section 305 (3g), (4) and (5) where a request to such effect is initiated by the Governor of a state. The door seems closed on any advocacy against the President’s decision. This issue has its locus classicus in the case of Liversidge v. Anderson where the House of Lords held that in a situation of emergency, such as Britain fighting World War II, the court might not want to inquire into the reasonableness of the grounds of taking actions even when the statute clearly state that the cause must be reasonable. In fact, in Nigeria, with specific reference to emergency declaration, it was held in the case of Williams v. Majekodunmi that the issue of whether a state of emergency existed was outside the province of the court of law but only ‘within the bounds of Parliament’. Another issue questions the existence of The Emergency Powers Act of 1961 duely passed into law by the then Governor-General of Nigeria, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. The general and popular authority for the alleged repeal by implication of the Emergency Powers Act is section 65(2) of the 1960 Independence Constitution which states that: â€Å"Any provision of law enacted in pursuant of this section shall have effect only during a period of emergency. Provided that the termination of a period of emergency shall not affect the operation of such provision of law during the period, the validity of any action taken there under during that period, any penalty or punishment incurred in respect of any contravention thereof or failure to comply therewith during that period or any proceeding or remedy in respect of any such penalty or punishment†. It has been argued that the emergency powers act lapsed by virtue of section 65(2) of the 1960 Constitution, which provides that â€Å"Any provision of law enacted in pursuance of this section shall have effect only during the period of emergency†, and that since that emergency has ended, that is the end of that law. The second argument is based on the Interpretation Act, Cap 192 LFN 1990. By section 6(2) of the Interpretation Act Cap 192, where a law has expired, lapsed or ceased to have effect, then, it is to be treated as if it has been repealed. In response to the first submission, the provisions of Section 65 of the 1960 Constitution does not by any rule of interpretation nullify any law made pursuant to the Emergency Powers Act at the end of the emergency period. Section 65(2) is not a destructive or a repealing section, which automatically repeals any law made pursuant to section 65. The emergency powers act continues to be law in the statute books and only remains dormant at the end of every emergency. To the second submission, on July 19, 1990, the Federal military government promulgated the revised edition (Laws of the Federation of Nigeria) Decree no 21 of 1990. The essence of the Decree was to update all the laws of the Federation applicable up to that time. The side note to Section 3 of the Decree gives power to the Attorney General of the Federation to authorise omission of certain enactment for reasons of its obsolete status, temporary nature, if it’s under review with a view to replacement and if it’s restricted or of personal application. But by Section 3 (2) any such laws omitted †¦shall have the same force and validity as if they had not been omitted in the revised edition. The meaning of this is very clear. The fact of the omission of any law from the revised edition of the laws of the Federation 1990 does not mean that those laws have been repealed. Put in another way, the fact of the classification of law as obsolete, temporary, under revision, restricted or personal and by reason therefore, its non-inclusion in the current Law of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) of 1990, does not amount to the repeal of that law. CONCLUSION Just as a state of emergency is constitutional due to the unrest and instability of the state, so also some undesirable effects are incurred in the period of the state of emergency. A common occurrence here in Nigeria, is that the Governor, his Deputy and members of the State House of Assembly are suspended even though this kind of suspension is not expressly stated in the constitution. Declaring a state of emergency is one of the executive powers of the President. In this situation he is expected to do everything within his powers to handle the situation. It is also noted that this emergency power can be abused by the President and also used for politically selfish gains. Perhaps the basis for this abuse lies in the fact that the guidelines for the actions taken by the President in a bid to restore normalcy are not expressly stated in the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This lacuna gives the President a free hand to do whatever he deems necessary to quell the insurgence and return the Federation or any part thereof to a position of stability. Basically this essay has generally analysed the prevalent legal effects of the declaration of a state of emergency in Nigeria as well as parts of the world. The lessons learnt from there from could be helpful to Nigeria in her strive for democratic stability. [ 1 ]. Oluyede, P. A. , Aihe, D. O. (2003). Cases and Materials on Constitutional Law in Nigeria. (2nd Ed) Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press PLC. [ 2 ]. Latin maxim meaning â€Å"Let the welfare of the people be the Supreme Law† [ 3 ]. Wikipedia. com (Encyclopedia, 2011), http://en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/State_of_Emergency [ 4 ]. Section 305 (1), Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 as amended in 2011 hereafter referred to as CFRN 1999. [ 5 ]. Section 305 (4), CFRN 1999 [ 6 ]. Emergency Powers Regulations 1962 [ 7 ]. Pursuant to Section 188 (1) CFRN 1999 [ 8 ]. Wikipedia. rg The Online Encyclopedia (2011) supra. [ 9 ]. Human Rights Watch (2008), Egypt: Extending State of Emergency violates rights, http://www. hrw. org/en/news/2008/05/27/egypt-extending-state-emergency-violates-rights [ 10 ]. Daily News Economic Review (2008), Syria Lifts State of Emergenc y Laws, http://www. hurriyetdailynews. com/syria [ 11 ]. As of 2010, a state of emergency had been declared fifty – two (52) times by democratic and dictatorial governments [ 12 ]. On May 27, 1967, General Gowon declared a state of emergency over the whole country in response to the armed conflict that resulted in a civil war. ICE case studies: The Biafran War. http://www1. american. du/ted/ice/biafra. htm [ 13 ]. National Open University of Nigeria, (2008). LAW 241 – Human Rights Law, Professor Justus A. Sokefun [ 14 ]. Black’s Law Dictionary, (8th Ed 1999), pg. 2167 [ 15 ]. Foster, S. (2nd. Ed, 2008). Human Rights and Civil Liberties. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited. [ 16 ]. The United Nations Website (2006), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/index. shtml Daily News Economic Review (2008), Syria Lifts State of Emergency Laws, http://www. hurriyetdailynews. com/syria [ 17 ]. Sections 33 – 44, CFRN 1999 [ 18 ]. www. wikipedia. org The Online Encyclopedia (2011) supra. [ 19 ]. 1962] 1 All NLR 413 or (No. 1) [1962] 2 SCNLR p. 26. [ 20 ]. www. wikipedia. org The Online Encyclopedia (2011) supra. [ 21 ]. Article IV, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, hereafter referred to as ICCPR [ 22 ]. National Party Preliminary Submission Theme Committee 4. (1995). Item 24: States of Emergency and Suspension of Rights. www. constitutionnet. org/files/7869. pdf [ 23 ]. Kelly, J. (2009). United Nations Rule of Law Activities Threaten National Sovereignty. http://www. globalgovernacewatch. org/spotlight_on_sovereignty/united-nations-rule-of-law-activities-threaten-national-sovereignty [ 24 ]. Gbadamosi, G. (2004). Nigerias Case Laws on Emergency Rule. http://www. dawodu. com/gbadamosi1. htm [ 25 ]. Martins O. Madu O. (2004, May 19). Nigeria: Obasanjo proclaims state of emergency in Plateau and warns Kano. The Guardian Newspaper [ 26 ]. News Reports (2006). State of Emergency’ declared in Ekiti State. Olurin sworn in. Nigerian Village Square. http://www. nigeriavillagesquare. com/articles/nvs/state-of-emergency-declared-in-ekiti-state-olurin-sworn-in. html [ 27 ]. Alabi M. O. (2005). Emergency Powers in Nigeria: Legal and Constitutional Issues. The Constitution, Vol. 5, No. 4 [ 28 ]. Alabi M. O. supra [ 29 ]. Section 105, CFRN 1999 [ 30 ]. Section 110, CFRN 1999